Recruitment and Selection - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1366 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Question 1 Essentially, job analysis is a systematic and formalizes study of a particular job. As much as it is not a requirement by law to conduct job analyses, it is central in defending and authenticating the selection processes. Job analysis is paramount and most human resource (HR) interventions such as hiring or training and development are based upon job analyses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Recruitment and Selection" essay for you Create order A job analysis is also critical in averting any unfair criteria in selection. Job analysis plays a role of clarifying points upon which HR practitioners make necessary inferential leaps from mere job activities to the KSAOs needed in performing the activities(KSAO- knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics related to the job; both behavioral and technical). Job analysis provides a means through which information is collected and consequently used in the development of job descriptions, KSAOs, job specifications, and competencies (Catano et al, 2016). A job analysis offers a process through which HR practitioners are able to specify the requirements of a particular employment position as well as the procedures and functions. An adequate job analysis is the critical tot eh success of a human resource function since it can enable the organization to gain a competitive advantage through identifying job requirements and being able to conduct a hiring or selection process that enables them to get the best talent through acquisition of the best talent and KSAOs that are necessary in demonstrating the identified requirements after a job analysis. Job analysis lays a strong foundation for successful HRM practices since the information gained from it can be used for various purposes besides reducing the inferential leaps between job requirements and KSAOs needed in demonstrating such requirements (Saks, et al, 2010). In the selection and recruitment process, employers look to employ and hire the best and most suitable applicants. Information gained from job analysis mostly assists employers in achieving this objective since HR can be able to identify the best hiring criteria. This is because they can match the requirements to identifying criteria based on things such as knowledge, skills, abilities, or other necessary characteristics (KSAOs) needed to perform efficiently on the job: these can be technical or behavioral depending on what an analysis of the job requires of the persons to fill the vacancy prior to the selection process. HR can use such information in developing appropriate selection tools such as interview questions or tests (a legal part of selection). Employers should show that a selection criterion is always job-related in the face of litigation; and that information gained from job analysis was used in the selection practice. (Catano et al, 2016) Thus, the job analysis process identifies job requirements and reduces the inferential differences between the requirements and KSAOs needed to complete the job through creation of selection criteria that regards necessary/desired KSAOs based on the requirements identified through job analysis. Question 2 Employment equity has for a long time been a contentious issues and discrimination in the recruitment/ hiring/ selection process may be outright and in some instances the employers may not even realize that they subconsciously discriminate against some groups. Constitutional law, labor laws, human rights laws, and employment equity all speak against any kind of discrimination in labor practices such as in the hiring/ recruitment process among other processes such as promotions or layoffs and salary increments. It is imperative that employers and organization conduct hiring in a non-discriminatory manner and only hire on merit as long as candidates fulfill the requirements and possess the necessary KSAOs (Long Singh, 2017). Discriminating against persons based on ethnic/ racial basis, sexual orientation, marital status, religion and physical or mental disability should be avoided. This may make employers legally liable to litigation and punishments. Therefore, self-assessment on hiri ng and selection processes is imperative for an organization to identify whether there is any discrimination against protected groups and any such discrimination should be dealt with appropriately (Catano et al, 2016). Selection practices can be deemed to be discriminatory where the employer or organization misuses recruitment agencies or advertisements as well as the selection criteria. Any kind of selection or recruitment criteria that specify on the specific race, gender, and other protected groups/ populations is deemed to be illegal. In fact, selection criteria that make some specifics that show expressed discrimination against some protected groups make employers liable to legal consequences. In addition, direct selection by word of mouth excessively in an organization is a show of discrimination since the employer may show preference of some people over others when instead all potential candidates should be given a level playing ground by undergoing the selection process. Lack of adequate processes to give all in the qualified pool in the labor market an equal chance is discriminatory (Saks, et al, 2010). Homogeneous selection and recruitment is also a sign of discrimination. This could be in instances of racial discrimination especially whereby a firm in an area with both whites and blacks (or any other races) chooses to hire dominantly a single race. It is imperative to avoid any near exclusion or utter exclusion of protected groups. In addition, an employer/ organization may assess whether they are affected by stereotyping in making decisions. Mostly such bias against protected groups and minorities may not be conscious but will still be discriminatory. It is important that the employer identifies any biases and stereotypes that are unconsciously promoting discriminatory processes in selection. Lastly, the employers need to assess if the screening of applicants is done in a discriminating mannerism. Screening should be uniform as identified by job analysis and the ensuing criteria (Saks, et al, 2010). Concisely, being aware of any shortcomings and things that may indicate discrimination in selection is the first step to ending it. In addition, organizations need to be uniform in handling all applicants and follow the criteria set out after a job analysis. Regarding the legal instruments is also another way to keep employers in line as far as selection is concerned. Labor laws, employment equality, human rights, and constitutional law should guide selection (Long Singh, 2017). Question 3 Upon hiring and recruiting employees, employers and organizations need to assess t=the performance of employees to see who is on a high and who is on a low as well as identify how to move forward. Performance needs to be measured effectively and avoid the pitfalls that may occur with performance measurement in some instances. Performance measures need to be effective since performance measurement is a complex issue. Having identified job dimensions through job analyses, those dimensions are measured through performance measurement. Effective performance measures need t be reliable, practical, and relevant (Long Singh, 2017). In regards to relevancy, the performance measurement criterion needs to be relevant on the degree to which competencies and behavior constituting jib performance are captured. Sometimes a criterion used may be deficient such that the criterion fails to capture and assess the competencies and behaviors that are relevant to the job. Another pitfall in performance management as far as the criterion used is concerned is whereby there is criterion contamination. This is whereby performance measurement criterion and the results gained are influenced by other things or behaviors that are not relevant to job performance. This tends to discredit performance measurement. It is therefore essential to have performance measurement criteria and practices that are relevant (Catano et al, 2016). Performance measurement tools and methods need to solely focus on behaviors and activities related to job performance, bias and person al feelings should be avoided with measures such as check lists filled for various job descriptions and in assessing the people working in those position. Relevance can only be guaranteed when there are laid down procedures for assessment in different job descriptions after an analysis is conducted even prior to hiring and selection. Procedures and processes to measure performance in a certain job ensure that the criterion is relevant and focuses only on the job performance and issues related to performance on the job (Catano et al, 2016). Job performance can also be effectively assessed when the criterion used is reliable. Reliability of a performance measurement criterion is whereby there is no random measurement error and that there is an agreement between evaluations at different periods of time done using different measures.

Reducing Workplace Discrimination Essay - 1444 Words

Could you imagine being limited by something that has nothing to do with your skill or ability? If you look at the leadership positions of many of the world’s top companies, you will find few women occupying them. This contrast can also be related to the role of African American people in companies. It is very apparent when one contemplates the number of Black CEOs versus White leaders. Something is preventing them from reaching the top. Examples of this can be found in The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Hayley. Although many people believe racial discrimination is mostly a thing of the past, it is still prominent as an invisible barrier in one of the most prominent areas of life: the workplace. The term â€Å"glass ceiling† was coined†¦show more content†¦in 1985 show interesting differences in employment levels of college-educated Caucasians and African Americans. Both studies discovered that it is more difficult for college-educated African Americans to secure employment, and that discrimination is the major underlying factor (Beauchamp and Bowie). Also, a study conducted by the Urban Institute (Turner, Fix and Struyk) found that African Americans experience discrimination in one-fifth of job searches. To test for bias in the employment process, equally qualified and identically dressed men of both races applied to 476 entry-level jobs in Washington, D.C. and Chicago. Caucasian applicants were able to submit an application in 20 percent of the cases in which an African American was not. Also, it was found that the level of discrimination rose as the job level increased (Turner, Fix and Struyk). Many employers believed that young African American men were i mmoral, lazy, did not want to work, and were not as intelligent as Caucasian men (Chidea). Once employed, in many cases an African American will experience advancement difficulties at an organizational level. The organizers and rule-makers of a company are also subject to stereotypes, therefore the regulations, policies, and practices reinforce discriminative behavior. Among Caucasians of equal abilities, African Americans do not get the same opportunities for promotion to higher administrative and management positions.Show MoreRelatedStigma and Prejudice in the Workplace844 Words   |  3 PagesWorkplace contributes strongly to the wellbeing of an individual. This is because it provides people with opportunities that make the feel productive and achieve their potentials. However, stigma and prejudice can make the workplace to be a very stressful and results into unwanted problems such as anxiety and depression (Reichert, 2011). Therefore, this paper aims at discussing how to create a safe workplace for stigmatized individuals. 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Workplace discrimination can result from unfair treatment because of an employee’s race, disability, gender, ethnicity, national origin and sexuality. The Workplace Discrimination Prevention Manual is a guide that helps identify and prevent common types of workplace discrimination. The Prevention manual gives an overview of employment discrimination laws and tips on how managers can identify common biased behaviors. BeingRead MoreGender Discrimination And Equal Employment Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesGender Discrimination and Equal Employment Introduction Discrimination has existed since the beginning of time. Often time people discriminate upon individuals unintentionally, because of certain stereotypes that have associated with race, gender, and religion. The First Amendment of the United States gives each individual the freedom of not only religion, but expression, and speech. 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Nursing Practice in Managing Obesity-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the Importance or Significance of the Health Issue to Nursing. Answer: Introduction Obesity in Australia has become a major public health concern. The rise in obesity has signalled the poor eating habits often observed among the populations which are closely linked to availability of fast foods and sedentary lifestyles which people engage on a day to day life. The prevalence of obesity in Australia has reached high levels with WHO estimating that there are over 67.4 % of the population are overweight, (Giles et al., 2015)t. In this essay write up we shall focus children and young adolescents under the age of 0-0-18 years. The statistics are no less different among the children population with over 24% of the children being overweight and other 5%-6% of same demographic population being obese. Overweight and obesity among children are attributed to greater medical conditions later in life for the children, (Bell et al., 2011). Search terms which will be convenient include underage obesity, adolescent obesity , obesity among children and childhood obesity. Overweight and Obesity Overweight and obesity refers to excess body weight and is a risks factor for cardiovascular disease. As the level of obesity increases among the population so does the risks of developing other conditions and hampers control and management of other conditions. Obese overweight are often at risks of higher death occurrence. Often measurement of BMI has been used to measure obesity among the population, (Simmonds et al., 2017). The rates of overweight occurrence in Australia continue to rise immensely. In the year 2014-2015, 63.4 % of the Australian population were overweight, thus representing half of the population. There have been tremendous increases since 1995 which was estimated 56.3% hence showing the growing public health concern need. The 63.4% of the population comprised of adults above the age of 18 years were overweight which is estimated to be 11.2 million, while comprised of 35.5% or overweight with over 6.3 million and 27.9% were obese and further 35% were normal weight and 1.6 % were underweight, (da Luz et al., 2017). Australian population gets fatter as they get older. With men over 45 years and over, 79.4% were overweight while two in three women were overweight. Socio economic factors have played a role in this population set up. More women compared to men were overweight and lived in disadvantaged areas, (NHMRC, 2013) Significance of nursing practice on obesity Obesity problem as described by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, unit is a major risk for other health problems which include cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, musculoskeletal diseases and other cancers. The cost of health care in Australia is estimated to be more than double to $58 billion , having tremendous effects on the health care and the productivity levels related to quality of living costs. The role played by nurses on obesity management has been crucial in Australia. The interventions of nurses is crucial in ensuring that preventing, managing smoking , poor diet and physical inactivity all geared towards preventing rise in obesity. The role played by nurses is crucial in ensuring that the population achieves the health education and condition management is essential for nurses, (Aarons et al., 2015). Relevant research Search strategy involved in locating these literature was the use of Boolean operators . Boolean operators are utilised in defining relationship between search terms in research. These are commonly usable while using electronic databases which aid in narrowing or broadening the scope of study. The three common tools for this task are AND, OR and NOT which were used interchangeably with the key words of obesity Australia+ Nurses,; these words were used interchangeably. Research article Location site Evidence type Strength of evidence Nurse delivered lifestyle interventions in primary health care to treat chronic disease risk factors associated with obesity: a systematic review, (Sargent, Forrest Parker 2012) NCBI Secondary level Strong Childhood obesity prevention: a review of school nurse perceptions and practices,(Quelly, 2014 ) Pubmed Secondary levels Strong Child obesity prevention in primary health care: Investigating practice nurse roles, attitudes and current practices, (Robinson et al., 2013) CNHEL Primary research Strong Seizing the Moment: Experiences of School Nurses Caring for Students with Overweight and Obesity, (Powell et al., 2017) Pub med Primary level Strong Literature review of nursing practice in managing obesity in primary care: developments in the UK, (Brown Psarou, 2008) Medline Secondary level Fair Early Childhood Investments Substantially Boost Adult Health, (Campbell et al 2014) Google Scholar Secondary level Medium level Discussion on strength of evidence Based on the article by Quelly , (2014) and Sargent et al (2012), they all come in agreement to suggest that nurses have the critical role in managing the obesity prevalence among the children. Their perception in this care process are crucial in ensuring that adequate health care practice is fronted. These two articles address the need for nurses to have positive mind and attitude towards nursing practice in promoting health activities for the general population. The similarities in the articles portray the critical role nurses play in ensuring health care practice is adhered to and followed. Childhood obesity being prevalent among the children below the age of 18 years has been on the rise, and the need for nursing intervention is key. However Francis et al, (2014), focussed on improving interventions in an aim to boost the health of children. Hence boosting investment on nurses to increase their role in improving the state of children whom they care and are under their care is cru cial in ensuring health is promoted. These evidences have significant input in research in that they are both primary and secondary level evidence hence signifying their strength of ability. Based on these studies by Sargebt et al, (2012), Quelly, (2014) and Brown et al (2008), acknowledged the role nurses played in obesity management among children. Common similarity in these studies showed that nurses are at the fore front in their practice towards obesity management. This studies evidence type displayed secondary level of evidence because of the nature of the findings which the studies have provided. The findings found are not building any new findings but rather strengthening already known precepts as to nurses role in childhood obesity. The primary level evidence as displayed by Robinson et al (2013) and Powell et al (2017), indicate original based research findings which present new findings with regard to nurses role in promoting positive health care practice. It shows the nu rsing roles practice and experiences of nurses in obesity management. Key findings displayed showed that with key support strategies to nurses, they can impact positively on health of the children. Evidence based practices Management of obesity and overweight in general has been based on evidence which relates to increased mortality and also reducing the risk factors which affect disease. Weight loss management is thus crucial in preventing occurrence of other disease. The evidence has laid forth recommendation and practices which are aimed at affecting weight loss, blood pressure and hypertension. The practices currently being addressed correlate with the following conditions; Blood pressure In evaluating the effect of weight loss on a factor such as blood pressure, there is a strong consistency in research findings which links lifestyle factors with both overweight hypertension and those patients whom are non hypertensive, which are linked to lifestyle aspects geared towards reduction in overweight occurrences, (Renzaho et al., 2014). Randomised controls trial research has evaluated on the effect of weight loss on the plasma levels which affect on total concentrations, low density cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein and prescience of high density cholesterol. Studies done have shown that strong evidence link lifestyle modification on weight loss management and reducing serum triglycerides. Randomised controlled studies have indicated the association on the overweight and obesity management as effective ways of lowering blood pressure, (Khera et al., 2016). The strong consistencies of evidence have indicated that weight loss management is essential in ensuring that lifestyle modifications lead to lowering of blood pressure. Further the use of medication on weight management in combinations with adjuvant lifestyle changes accompanies reduction in blood pressure among patients. Thus weight loss and lifestyle changes have been grouped as evidence category able to lower blood pressure among the overweight and obe se individuals, (Alpert et al., 2014). Blood glucose levels Nursing evidence has been produced though randomised controlled trials that pharmaco therapy and weight loss medications and other lifestyle adjuvant which include caloric restriction and physical activity are important components in weight control management. Evaluation of blood glucose levels and its effect on weight loss management is crucial in ensuring that weight loss is achieved. Lifestyle modification in nursing practice is geared towards weight loss is essential in ensuring reduction in glucose levels in overweight management cases. Weight loss management recommendation to reduce the levels of blood glucose among the overweight and obese persons with type II diabetes and this has been termed as evidence category . Lifestyle management Evidence practice on lifestyle therapy in weight management has been a crucial aspect in ensuring that interventions are geared towards increasing physical activity, behaviour therapy and providing successful therapies for weight loss management and weight maintenance among patients. Research has clearly demonstrated that weight loss and weight maintenance need to incorporate lifestyle physical activity and behaviour therapy is essential in ensuring obesity is managed adequately, (Rock et al., 2010). Nurses need to have a preview of the evidence based practices which informed the nursing practice among the population. Summary of these evidence include identification of patients who need to lose weight. This achieved through weight and height measurement, use of BMI indices for assessments, advice on overweight and obesity and measuring the circumference of patients. Crucial aspect in nursing practice is the evidence linked matching treatment benefits and risks profiles in case management, (Brennan et al 2014). Other relevant evidence practices include the practice of dieting on weight loss. There is need for dietary strategies which are geared towards enabling the individuals in ensuring that appropriate dietary habits are adopted. Lastly on the most common evidence based practice in obesity management is lifestyle interventions and counselling. This involves on the weight loss management and maintenance of recommended weight status has been crucial in obesity management, (Haskel l, Lee Pate, 2007). Weight loss management strategies have shown to have an impact in fostering long term control and preventing weight gain. Usage of various weight loss strategies has been backed by evidence to include usage of multiple interventions which include diet therapy, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, behaviour therapy and surgical means which are used in combinations to effectively manage lifestyle aspects. Gaps in research practice Nursing practice has played a crucial in role in managing diseases conditions relevant in practised of health promotion. Towards implementing this evidence based practices, there is need to develop and implement interventions and polices which are geared towards modifying the perceptions that have an effect on active engagement in clinical care practice, (Jou et al., 2017). In health care practice, evidence has shown that there is effective use of evidence on the interventions which practice nurses and other health providers align themselves towards achieving success. Research has shown that these providers are often underutilised and that there is need for effective team work approach in the health care state of the people. There are gaps which have been observed which indicate preventive care is inadequately covered and there inequities towards access towards access to preventive care by the disadvantage groups. The nurses have been left to facilitate care; however support to integrate and develop stronger partnerships with other stakeholders has always been hampered. There is need for preventive services of obesity to be integrated in clinical practice and health approaches towards reducing the prevalence of obesity. Thus research needs to be geared towards care organization structure and the implementation phase of preventive activities in primary health care arena, (George et al., 2016). Thus towards research gap in health care nursing in Australia, there is need to formulate strategies of how to implement and offer effective and equitable approach to obesity preventions. Approaches to health care delivery should be aimed at the population and the funding needs should be flexible. Research gap is and has always been on how to reach consensus among the health care practitioners in respect with nurses access to health care services which ensure that nurses explore the nursing care for obesity, (Bray Bouchard, 2014). Reasons as to pertaining bridging of this gap between the research practice and healthy living resonates on the basic characteristics that inform the prevalence of child hood obesity among the children. Major contributors of the childhood prevalence revolve around modifiable factors which need to be strengthened and advocated for change. Lifestyle changes are one of the aspects which can be changed effectively and hence need to advocated for. Dietary practices which inform the current trends need to be changed adequately. Further the complications and health risks which characterises the obesity among the children are immense which calls for adequate mitigation at the early years of growth. Conclusion This essay has sought to find out how obesity has been categorised as one of the key public action areas to focus among the Australian population. The role of research in nursing practice plays a crucial role in ensuring that health intervention practices are implemented. The use of evidence based practices has been the key role in ensuring that health care promotion to the obese population is facilitated. However with the relevant research conducted there is need for thorough implementation by the nursing practitioners on evidence based recommendations. Behavioural counselling offered to nurses is significant in increasing on physical activity and improving quality of care to the public. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions offered by nurses is crucial in ensuring that there is behaviour change, (Philips , Katie Kinnersley, 2013). The need for addressing current research gaps which hinders this engagement is paramount in ensuring that the health population is promote References Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Hurlburt, M.S., 2015. Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): a randomized mixed method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation. Implementation Science, 10(1), p.11. Alpert, M.A., Omran, J., Mehra, A. and Ardhanari, S., 2014. Impact of obesity and weight loss on cardiac performance and morphology in adults. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 56(4), pp.391-400. Bell, L.M., Curran, J.A., Byrne, S., Roby, H., Suriano, K., Jones, T.W. and Davis, E.A., 2011. High incidence of obesity co?morbidities in young children: A cross?sectional study. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 47(12), pp.911-917. Bray, G.A. and Bouchard, C. eds., 2014. Handbook of ObesityVolume 2: Clinical Applications (Vol. 2). CRC Press. Brennan, L.K., Brownson, R.C. and Orleans, C.T., 2014. Childhood obesity policy research and practice: evidence for policy and environmental strategies. American journal of preventive medicine, 46(1), pp.e1-e16. Brown, I. and Psarou, A., 2008. Literature review of nursing practice in managing obesity in primary care: developments in the UK. Journal of clinical nursing, 17(1), pp.17-28. Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J.J., Moon, S.H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E. and Pan, Y., 2014. Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science, 343(6178), pp.1478-1485. da Luz, F.Q., Sainsbury, A., Mannan, H., Touyz, S., Mitchison, D. and Hay, P., 2017. Prevalence of obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors in South Australia from 1995 to 2015. International Journal of Obesity. George, B.J., Beasley, T.M., Brown, A.W., Dawson, J., Dimova, R., Divers, J., Goldsby, T.U., Heo, M., Kaiser, K.A., Keith, S.W. and Kim, M.Y., 2016. Common scientific and statistical errors in obesity research. Obesity, 24(4), pp.781-790. Giles, L.C., Whitrow, M.J., Davies, M.J., Davies, C.E., Rumbold, A.R. and Moore, V.M., 2015. Growth trajectories in early childhood, their relationship with antenatal and postnatal factors, and development of obesity by age 9 years: results from an Australian birth cohort study. International Journal of Obesity, 39(7), p.1049. Haskell, W.L., Lee, I.M., Pate, R.R., Powell, K.E., Blair, S.N., Franklin, B.A., Macera, C.A., Heath, G.W., Thompson, P.D. and Bauman, A., 2007. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), p.1081. Jou, J., Nanney, M.S., Walker, E., Callanan, R., Weisman, S. and Gollust, S.E., 2017. Using Obesity Research to Shape Obesity Policy in Minnesota: Stakeholder Insights and Feasibility of Recommendations. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. Khera, R., Murad, M.H., Chandar, A.K., Dulai, P.S., Wang, Z., Prokop, L.J., Loomba, R., Camilleri, M. and Singh, S., 2016. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 315(22), pp.2424-2434. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 2013. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Canberra: NHMRC. Powell, S.B., Engelke, M.K. and Neil, J.A., 2017. Seizing the moment: Experiences of school nurses caring for students with overweight and obesity. The Journal of School Nursing, p.1059840517717318. Quelly, S.B., 2014. Childhood obesity prevention: a review of school nurse perceptions and practices. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 19(3), pp.198-209. Renzaho, A.M.N., Bilal, P. and Marks, G.C., 2014. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure amongst recently arrived Sudanese refugees in Queensland, Australia. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 16(1), pp.86-94. Robinson, A., Denney?Wilson, E., Laws, R. and Harris, M., 2013. Child obesity prevention in primary health care: investigating practice nurse roles, attitudes and current practices. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 49(4). Rock, C.L., Flatt, S.W., Sherwood, N.E., Karanja, N., Pakiz, B. and Thomson, C.A., 2010. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 304(16), pp.1803-1810. Sargent, G.M., Forrest, L.E. and Parker, R.M., 2012. Nurse delivered lifestyle interventions in primary health care to treat chronic disease risk factors associated with obesity: a systematic review. obesity reviews, 13(12), pp.1148-1171. Simmonds, M., Llewellyn, A., Owen, C.G. and Woolacott, N., 2017. Diagnosis of childhood obesity using BMI: potential ethicolegal implications and downstream effects: a response. Obesity Reviews, 18(3), pp.382-383.

Leadership in the 21st Century

Question: Using relevant theories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of a 21st century business leader. If you were in the position of the leader, what could you do to be a better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and on situation/s? Answer: Introduction Efficient leadership is essential for businesses in the 21st century in achieving higher level of success in their operations. This requires a highly qualified and talented business leader that could contribute his/her knowledge and abilities in leading the entire organisation to higher level of success. The role of business leaders is to strategically define the vision and goals of the organisation, and they should thereafter make efforts in guiding their followers in a manner that ensures their successful attainment. Leadership is highly essential from the point of view of leading the organisation to higher level of success and also in sustaining such growth over the longer period of time. The efficient leaders have the ability of leading the organisation to higher level of success on their own efforts and contribution. This indicates that there has been the pivotal role being played by leaders in leading the organisation to higher level of success (Boal and Hooijberg, 2001). This report is aimed at analysing the leadership of a 21st century business leader through the application of relevant leadership theories and models. The business leader as selected for the purpose of analysis is Steve Jobs of Apple Corporation. The analysis is therefore focused towards assessing the leadership style of Steve Jobs initially and this is followed by a comparison of his leadership style with the applicable leadership theory. Based on this discussion, there would be the analysis of the leadership style and approach that I would have followed if I were put under the same situation. The entire findings will then be summarised in the conclusion section. Description of the Leader, Organisation/Industry and Situation/Context The leader as selected for the purpose of analysis is Steve Jobs of Apple Inc. An analysis of Steve Jobs indicates that he was an American entrepreneur and become responsible in the foundation of Apple Corporation. He has been known as the pioneer in bringing revolution in the personal computing through his innovative skills and abilities. Steve Jobs was known as highly influential personnel throughout his career in the Apple Corporation, as he has successfully taken the organisation to higher level of growth and development. It is his influential ability that has resulted into Apple being identified as the most innovative company. He has been a successful business leader in driving desired level of efforts and actions on the part of his followers. His focus towards innovation has been the key mantra that made him successful and highly recognised leader in the industry (Griffin, 2008). The organisation/industry that has been served by Steve Jobs is Apple Corporation which is mainly i n the electronic industry. Apple has occupied the leadership position in the industry as being the most innovative organisation, and this is all because of the influential abilities of the business leader of the company i.e. Steve Jobs. However, currently the leadership position is being served by the new leader Tim Cook. But the core basis of the organisation has been implanted by Steve Jobs and it is because of his highly innovative approach in undertaking organisational responsibilities, the organisation is still following the same approach to performing its management. This signifies that the policies and practices of being highly innovative is still followed at Apple and this is an important indication of the influential capability of Steve Jobs. He has guided the path to follow for the entire organisation, and this has been currently being emphasised across the organisation (Eleftheriou-Smith, 2014). The situation/context that has been selected for analysing the leadership of Steve Jobs is the performance of business organisation. An analysis of the leadership approach and ability of Steve Jobs in detail indicates that Steve Jobs highly emphasised on the innovative factor whereby he expects each and every employee within organisation to remain highly innovative with respect to the tasks and responsibilities as undertaken. Steve Jobs has been responsible for the introduction of large number of innovative products and services under his leadership tenure whereby he has brought revolution in the entire electronics items. The major innovation by Steve Jobs is identified as iPhones, iPad, iPod, iMac, and the latest operating system iOS. These are the major innovations that have been noted under the leadership of Steve Jobs (Ireland and Hitt, 2005). Overall, the leadership practice and approach of Steve Jobs seems to be highly influential and it is mostly focused towards innovative factor in particular. This is mainly because Steve Jobs has always emphasised on brining innovation which could be easily reflected on the newer products and services that are introduced across the company. Evaluation of Steve Jobs through Leadership Theories and Models An analysis of Steve Jobs in brief has indicated that he has been a revolutionary leader that has been successful in bringing innovation in the entire electronic industry through introducing large number of innovative products and services. However, an assessment of few such important criteria in respect to Steve Jobs indicates about his leadership style, trait and power in particular. As for instance, the leadership style that has been identified in respect to Steve Jobs is mainly the transformational leadership style whereby the leader seeks to transform the entire organisation into higher level of success and growth. Steve Jobs has been able to revolutionise the performance of Apple and he has also been successful in leading the entire organisation to higher level of success. All these have been possible because of his ability to direct the workers and positively encourage them to follow the desired path of innovation as showed by him. This suggests that the leadership style can b e best correlated to the transformational leadership theory which suggests radical or massive changes aimed at leading the organisation to higher level of success. As per the transformational leadership theory, the leaders have the ability to lead the organisation on their own and they decide the shape and direction in which the entire organisation has to lead upon (Mclnerney, 2011). The directional path as chosen by Steve Jobs in respect to Apple is to lead the organisation in becoming the leader in the entire industry, and as such, the individual efforts are driven mostly towards the required direction. However, there have been strict policies and procedures that are being followed by Steve Jobs, and there has been higher level of expectations from employees as well. The decisions are mostly undertaken by Steve Jobs, and this reflects the leadership style to be highly autocratic leadership style. The strategic decisions are mostly undertaken by the senior management without involv ing the employees. The employees are only required to follow up the policies and procedures that have been set up for them. They need to contribute their efforts with a view to achieve the set organisational goals by way of integrating innovation in their policies and actions. Steve Jobs accounted for adapting behaviour of high maintenance co-worker which demanded excellence from his co-workers. Employees are therefore treated as a way of getting the tasks done, and this particular approach has allowed Apple in achieving the successful position in the industry (Issacson, 2012). The stronger leadership ability of Steve Jobs can be evident from the growth position at which he has taken to Apple Inc. As for example the market value of the shares of Apple was $US 5 billion in 2000, but it has increased to $US 351 billion as of today. Such a massive growth in the market performance is all because of the leadership effectiveness of Steve Jobs. He has been a successful visionary leader who not only designed the vision for the company, but also articulated the organisational goals by way of which they could be accomplished through the active contribution by its employees. The autocratic leadership style of Steve Jobs proved highly successful in generating positive level of efforts in bringing innovation within organisation, and thereby in achieving excellence in terms of generation of innovative products and services for its customers (Mclnerney, 2011). An assessment of the traits of Steve Jobs with regard to his innovative abilities and thoughts implies that Steve Jobs was highly visionary in nature. As for example, his vision in respect to Apple was mainly to perform the development of products and services with simple user interface and elegant design that would please greatly to customers of all age groups. This has been positively attained through his attitude of being highly innovative in his approach of doing things. He has positively influenced the abilities of his followers in innovating efficiently with respect to their contribution and this leads to the delivery of sound and innovative products to his customers. Apart from this, the leadership trait of Steve Jobs also clarifies that he has been a strong leader as he not only manages his employees, but there has been stronger relationship being managed with the suppliers, partners and competitors (Hom, 2014). Apart from this, the other major leadership attributes that have been evident in respect to Steve Jobs include his wonderful thinking ability, exceptional influence capabilities whereby he can influence his subordinates to act in a particular manner that is in the best interest of the organisation. The exceptional influence capability of Steve Jobs can be identified from the fact that he made all the employees of the organisation to contribute towards the innovative factor by way of designing and developing innovative products and services. In addition to this, the leadership attitude also reflects that Steve Jobs was the survivor of tough times, as he has encountered various such events that have impacted his performance in the industry. This is evident from the example that Steve Jobs has suffered with cancer and still he has made significant contribution in the form of introduction of newer iPhones and also predicted the future generation of products that would be highly suitable to Apple in leading the entire industry (Cunningham and Harney, 2012). Overall, the analysis of the leadership style, ability and attitude of Steve Jobs indicated significant level of findings. It has been evaluated that Steve Jobs was highly transformational leaders who always pursues creativity in his strategy, and encouraged others in following the same path through his highly influential capabilities. Ways in Which I Would have Lead the Similar Situation An analysis of the leadership style and ability of Steve Jobs has indicated about significant level of findings regarding his attitude, belief, behaviour and approach of leading the entire organisation. On the basis of analysis, it has been evaluated that there has been higher level of effectiveness being pursued by Steve Jobs in leading and managing the organisation. However, there are certain major areas whereby Steve Jobs could have done better in performing his role and responsibilities. In these areas, I could have considered for a different approach to performing the management of the entire organisation. As for instance, it has been assessed that Steve Jobs was highly focused towards the autocratic style of leadership whereby the strategic decisions are taken by him. The employees were just treated as a means to achieving the organisational goals (Ciulla, 2008) In this respect, I could have utilised the employees in a different manner in achieving success and higher effectiven ess level. As for instance, I could have considered for adapting a participatory nature of leadership whereby employees would be included in the majority of the decisions as undertaken within the organisation. It is quite clear that employees are responsible in leading an organisation to higher level of success, and since they actually perform the core processes of the organisation in producing products and services, they are better aware of the important decision making areas. As a result, the participatory nature of leadership would be of significant importance in such situation. An analysis of the nature of Apple Corporation indicates that the company pursues higher level of innovation and this requires positive level of contribution from both the management and the employees. The participatory nature of leadership style is therefore highly suited in this context whereby employees are included in the decision making process (Tariq, 2014). It is not only sufficient to include employees in the decision making process of the organisation, rather they should be treated with due respect and honour. Steve Jobs considered employees as the way of getting things done, but I could have dealt with such situation in a different manner. As for instance, I could have considered employees as asset and they would be given due respect and authority in the organisation. This particular leadership style to managing employees could have proved to be highly effective from the point of view of leading the organisation and achieving its strategic goals in a positive manner. Apart from these things, I could have also involved into doing certain things differently as being the leader of such large multinational organisation. As for instance, I could have focused towards empowering the employees of the organisation in order to achieve positive level of outcomes on their part. Empowering employees provides them the feeling that they are highly valued by their management, and this in turn is positively reflected in their performance level. As a result, I could have also considered for applying this strategy in performing the management of employees within organisation (Goethals and Sorenson, 2007). The above leadership style and strategy could have been considered by me in a different manner for the purpose of ensuring higher level of success of the organisation. Apart from these major factors, the rest of the aspects in relation to the leadership style of Steve Jobs have been highly excellent from the point of view of meeting out the organisational goals in a positive way. The additional important areas that are identified could contribute in a highly efficient manner towards the efficient attainment of organisational goals. Conclusion In this report, a critical evaluation has been carried out in respect to the leadership style, attitude, behaviour and trait in relation to Steve Jobs, the previous CEO of Apple Corporation. The analysis as carried out has been highly effective from the point of view of meeting out the strategic goals of the organisation. An analysis as carried out in respect to the leadership style of Steve Jobs has indicated that the leader has been highly enthusiastic in terms of his contribution towards leading the entire organisation to higher success level. It has been assessed that the leadership style of Steve Jobs is highly correlated to that of the transformational and autocratic leadership style. This is mainly because Steve Jobs has attempted to achieve revolutionary development in respect to the entire organisational performance and he has been successful in achieving higher level of effectiveness in its overall performance. Apart from this, the decisions of Steve Jobs are highly autocra tic which does not involve the involvement of any other employees within organisation. The analysis also indicated that Steve Jobs was highly visionary in nature and he has great influential capabilities which allowed him in transforming the entire organisation to higher level of success. The analysis also indicated about what could have been done by me differentially and it is assessed that I could have adapted a participatory style of leadership in order to achieve highly efficient performance conditions. References Boal, K.B. and Hooijberg, R. (2001), Strategic Leadership Research: Moving On, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 11 (4), pp.515-549. Cunningham, J. and Harney, B. (2012), Strategy and Strategists, Oxford University Press. Ciulla, J.B. (2008), Leadership at the Crossroads, ABC-CLIO. Eleftheriou-Smith, (2014). Apple's Tim Cook: Business isnt just about making profit Goethals, G.R. and Sorenson, G.J. (2007), The Quest for a General Theory of Leadership, Edward Elgar Publishing. Griffin, R.W. (2008), Management, Cengage Learning. Hom, E.J. (2014). Steve Jobs Biography Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A. (2005), Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 19 (4), pp. 63-77. Issacson, W. (2012). The Real Leadership Lessons of Steve Jobs Mclnerney, S. (2011). Steve Jobs: an unconventional leader Tariq, A. (2014). 7 Traits That Made Steve Jobs Successful

A Research Paper on American Airlines Flight 587 free essay sample

The following is a research paper on American Airlines Flight 587 that after losing its horizontal tail rudder crashed into a residential area of Belle Harbor, New York shortly after takeoff from John F Kennedy Airport. I will discuss the characteristics of the A300-600 rudder control system design, A300-600 rudder pedal inputs at high airspeeds, rudder composite structure, aircraft-pilot coupling, and wake turbulence, and the NTSB summary of what caused the crash of flight AA587 A Research Paper on American Airlines Flight 587 The History of flight AA587 On November 12, 2001, at 0916 eastern standard time, American Airlines flight 587, an Airbus Industry A300-605R, N14053, crashed into a residential area of Belle Harbor, New York, shortly after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Jamaica, New York. Flight 587 was a scheduled passenger flight to Las Americas International Airport, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, with 2 flight Crewmembers, 7 flight attendants, and 251 passengers3 aboard the airplane. We will write a custom essay sample on A Research Paper on American Airlines Flight 587 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The airplanes vertical stabilizer and rudder separated in flight and were found in Jamaica Bay, about 1 mile north of the main wreckage site. The airplane’s engines also separated in flight and were found several blocks north and east of the main wreckage site. All 260 people aboard the airplane and 5 people on the ground were killed, and the airplane was destroyed by impact forces and a post-crash fire. Flight 587 was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 121 on an instrument flight rules flight plan. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The accident airplane was delivered new to American Airlines on July 12, 1988. At the time of the accident, the airplane had accumulated 37,550 flight hours and 14,934 cycles. History of Airbus A300 The development of the A300 airplane began in May 1969, and the first flight of an A300 occurred in October 1972. The A300B2 and A300B4 models entered service in May 1974 and June 1975, respectively. The development of the A300-600 series airplane (a derivative of the A300B2/B4) began in December 1980, the first flight of an A300-600 occurred in July 1983, and the airplane was certificated in March 1984. Before the accident, 242 A300-600 series airplanes were in service worldwide. The A300-605R is one of several variants of the A300-600 series airplane. The â€Å"5† refers to the type of engine installed on the airplane and the â€Å"R† refers to the airplane’s ability to carry fuel in the horizontal stabilizer. (National Transportation Safety Board [NTSB], 2004, p. 14) First Officer Information The first officer, Stan Molin age 34, was hired by American Airlines in March 1991. He held an ATP certificate and an FAA first-class medical certificate dated October 18, 2001, with a limitation that required him to wear correcting lenses while exercising the privileges of the certificate. The first officer received a type rating on the A300 in November 1998. According to American Airlines records, the first officer had flown Shorts 360, Beechcraft 99, and DeHavilland DHC-6 airplanes in commuter and regional operations under 14 CFR Parts 121 and 135. He had accumulated 3,220 hours total flying time in commercial and general aviation before his employment with American Airlines. American Airlines records also indicated that the first officer had accumulated 4,403 hours total flying time, 26 including 1,835 hours as an A300 second-in-command. (National Transportation Safety Board [NTSB], 2004, p. 1) Rudder Structure The A300-600 vertical stabilizer and rudder were constructed with composite materials, that is, mixtures that contain two or more distinct materials that are unified into one combined material. (NTSB, 2004, p. 15) Composite materials Carbon fiber is a form of graphite in which these sheets are long and thin. You might think of them as ribbons of graphite. Bun ches of these ribbons like to pack together to form fibers, hence the name carbon fiber. These fibers arent used by themselves. Instead, theyre used to reinforce materials like epoxy resins and other thermosetting materials. We call these reinforced materials composites because they have more than one component. Carbon fiber reinforced composites are very strong for their weight. Theyre often stronger than steel, but a whole lot lighter. Because of this, they can be used to replace metals in many uses, from parts for airplanes and the space shuttle to tennis rackets and golf clubs. (Carbon Fiber, 2005, p. 1) Rudder Structural Analyses NASA-Langley’s and Airbus’ analyses determined that the fracture of the right rear main attachment lug was the most probable initial failure. The analyses indicated that, The vertical stabilizer fractured from the fuselage in overstress, starting with the right rear lug while the vertical stabilizer was exposed to aerodynamic loads that were about twice the certified limit load design envelope and after the right rear main attachment lug fractured, all of the remaining attachment fittings would fracture with no increase in external loading. (NTSB, 2004, p. 115) Flight Control System The A300B2/B4 model used a rudder control system employing a Variable Lever Arm (VLA) to limit rudder travel. A similar rudder-ratio changer design is also found in most other transport category aircraft. The VLA limited the amount of rudder available to the pilot as the airplane’s speed increased. The rudder pedals consistently moved the same physical distance, yielding a proportion of rudder relative to speed. In 1988, Airbus implemented a completely new rudder design, which significantly modified the function of the previous model and hence, the handling qualities of the new A300-600 airplane design. This new system used a variable stop actuator (VSA) which is also found in the MD-80. The VSA also limited the amount of rudder available to the pilot. The difference in this system is that the distance which the rudder pedals moved also decreased as the rudder movement decreased in proportion to speed. A significant flaw in the design failed to offer the same kind of protection as in the McDonnell design. The MD-80 limits rudder travel and affords protection in the form of rudder â€Å"blow down† should an operator demand more rudder travel (with resultant excessive load) than the structure can withstand. These kinds of redundant system designs are common in commercial aviation. The Airbus Flight Crew Operations Manual (FCOM) addresses the rudder system much like any other manufacturer and, in fact, did not change the language of the FCOM even after changing the A300 design from the VLA to the VSA system. (Allied Pilots Association, 2002, p. 9) Blow-Down System On an aircraft equipped with a hinge moment limiting (or â€Å"blow-down†) system, a device is employed to limit the force capability of the hydraulic actuators, and thereby aerodynamic forces limit the maximum rudder deflection output as airspeed or aircraft configuration changes. American Airlines, 2004, p. 11) Vortices and Wake Turbulence Vortices form because of the difference in pressure between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing that is operating at a positive lift. Since pressure is a continuous function, the pressures must become equal at the wing tips. The tendency is for particles of air to move from the lower wing surface around the wing tip to the upper surface (from the region of high pressure to the region of low pressure) so that the pressure becomes equal above and below the wing. In addition, there exists the oncoming free-stream flow of air approaching the wing. If these two movements of air are combined, there is an inclined inward flow of air on the upper wing surface and an inclined outward flow of air on the lower wing surface. The flow is strongest at the wing tips and decreases to zero at the mid-span point as evidenced by the flow direction there being parallel to the free-stream direction. When the air leaves the trailing edge of the wing, the air from the upper surface is inclined to that from the lower surface, and helical paths, or vortices, result. A whole line of vortices trails back from the wing, the vortex being strongest at the tips and decreasing rapidly to zero at mid-span. A short distance downstream, the vortices roll up and combine into two distinct cylindrical vortices that constitute the tip vortices. The tip vortices trail back from the wing tips and they have a tendency to sink and roll toward each other downstream of the wing. Again, eventually the tip vortices dissipate, their energy being transformed by viscosity this change may take some time and may prove to be dangerous to other aircraft. The tip vortices cause additional down flow (or downwash) behind the wing within the wingspan. For an observer fixed in the air, all the air within the vortex system is moving downward (called down wash) whereas all the air outside the vortex system is moving upward (called up wash). An aircraft flying perpendicular to the flight path of the airplane creating the vortex pattern will encounter up wash, downwash, and up wash in that order. The gradient, or change of downwash to up wash, can become very large at the tip vortices and cause extreme motions in the airplane flying through it. An airplane flying into a tip vortex also has a large tendency to roll over. If the control surfaces of the airplane are not effective enough to counteract the airplane roll tendency, the pilot may lose control or, in a violent case, experience structural failure. (Langley Research Center, 2005, Chapter 4) The takeoff and landings of the new generation of jumbo jets compound the problems of severe tip vortices. During takeoff and landing, the speed of the airplane is low and the airplane is operating at high lift coefficients to maintain flight. The Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) has shown that for a 600,000lbs (2. 7 million-kilogram) plane, the tip vortices may extend back strongly for five miles (eight kilometers) from the airplane and the downwash may approach 160 meters per minute (500 ft/min). Tests also show that a small light aircraft flying into a vortex could be rolled over at rates exceeding 90 degrees per second. (Langley Research Center, 2005, Chapter 4) Wake Vortex Investigation As part of the airplane performance study, the Safety Board requested that NASA-Langley conduct a wake vortex investigation. Specifically, the Board asked NASA-Langley to investigate whether flight 587 could have encountered the wake vortexes of Japan Air Lines flight 47. NASA-Langley used flight path and wind information for American Airlines flight 587 and Japan Air Lines flight 47 provided by the Safety Board, as well as atmospheric data for the day of the accident, as inputs to four wake prediction models. In a report on its investigation, NASA-Langley stated the following: A wake vortex from Japan Air Lines flight 47 was likely transported into the flight path of flight 587. The atmospheric conditions aloft were favorable for a slow rate of vortex decay. The wake vortex from Japan Air Lines flight 47 would have had an age of about 100 seconds, and flight 587 would have encountered the wake vortex at a time before vortex linking and rapid vortex decay. The predicted circulation of the wake vortex at the times of the apparent encounters would have been between 63 and 80 percent of the vortex’s initial strength. In testimony at the public hearing, the main author of the wake vortex investigation report stated that, even though his ork supported a wake encounter, the wake was â€Å"nothing extraordinary. †(NTSB, 2004, p. 57) Aircraft Pilot Coupling Aircraft pilot coupling (APC) was previously known as Pilot Involved Oscillation (PIO). An APC event is when the dynamics of the aircraft (including the flight control system [FCS]) and the dynamics of the pilot combine to produce an unstable pilot vehicle system. APC events can result if the pilot i s operating with a behavioral mode that is inappropriate for the task at hand, and such events are properly ascribed to pilot error. However, the committee believes that most severe APC events attributed to pilot error are the result of adverse APC that misleads the pilot into taking actions that contribute to the severity of the event. (Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council, 1997, p. 14) APC problems are often associated with the introduction of new designs, technologies, functions, or complexities. New technologies, such as FBW and fly-by-light flight control systems, are constantly being incorporated into aircraft. As a result, opportunities for APC are likely to persist or even increase. (Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council, 1997, p. 19) Flight 587 APC Event What the pilots of Flight 587 did not know was that the rudder controls on the A300-600 become increasingly sensitive as airspeed increases above 165 knots; this unique sensitivity creates adverse APC propensities primarily in the lateral axis. Flight AA587’s APC event was triggered by an unexpectedly sensitive response of the rudder to an initial, single pedal input by the pilot during a wake vortex encounter. Due to the unique characteristics in the aircraft’s flight control system design, the pilot became caught in an adverse APC/pilot involved oscillation mode as he attempted to counter the effects of that input. Specifically, after making a control wheel input followed by a rudder input intended to achieve a desired aircraft response, the over-sensitivity of the rudder control system induced the pilot to make additional, essentially cyclic, corrective rudder inputs as he attempted to stabilize the aircraft. American Airlines, 2004, p. 60) Probable Cause of Flight AA587 Crash Flight AA587 crash was triggered by an unexpectedly sensitive response of the rudder to an initial, single pedal input by the pilot during a wake vortex encounter. Due to the unique characteristics in the aircraft’s flight control system design, the pilot became caught in an adverse APC/pilot involved oscillation mode as he attempted to counter the effects of that input. Specifically, after making a control wheel input followed by a rudder input intended to achieve a desired aircraft response, the over-sensitivity of the rudder control system induced the pilot to make additional, essentially cyclic, corrective rudder inputs as he attempted to stabilize the aircraft. Unknown to the pilot, because of the sensitivity of the rudder controls and the powerful nature of the hydraulically driven rudder actuators, these corrective inputs rapidly generated rupture loads. (American Airlines, 2004, p. 0) An aspect of Advanced Airplane Maneuvering Program (AAMP) training relative to upset recovery techniques introduced response time delays to roll inputs in the training simulator. Flight crews in training, when encountering the delayed responses during roll upsets, reverted to use of the rudder in order to provide the necessary roll response to initiate recovery.

GENETIC TESTING Example

GENETIC TESTING Example GENETIC TESTING – Coursework Example Genetic Testing: Case 4 on Roy Smith Genetic Testing: Case 4 on Roy Smith The human genome project was lauded as one of themost effective developments in medicine, as it enables researchers to understand the genetic alterations behind any given health condition (Marks et al, 2010). One of the essential advantages of genetic testing therefore is that it opens the mind of the person of interest towards the mechanisms of managing the potential condition. Consequently, I harbor the belief that Roy Smith and his entire family, should go for screening of the ApoE gene, which somewhat confirms the existence of Alzheimer’s diseases, for by taking part in such an approach Roy will be fulfilling responsibility to self and family. In as much as sections of people hold the opinion that genetic testing of conditions such as Alzheimer’s habitually result in the person demonstrating pre-symptomatic illnesses, I do not share that ideology, as it will enable Roy Smith and his entire fam ily plan on how they will go about the future, particularly in regard to finances and safety. In like manner, such an approach will make sure that they optimize the currently available medical management mechanisms of Alzheimer’s condition. This will particularly be demonstrated when healthcare providers are able to identify and eliminate risk factors that can trigger Alzheimer’s disease. At the same time, healthcare providers have overtime reaffirmed that early screening comes with considerable relief, principally because Roy Smith and his family will be able to understand completely all there is to know regarding Alzheimer’s condition. Over and above, practices such as early screening of health conditions are part of advancements that have been made in the field of healthcare and medicine and should be completely embraced (Marks et al, 2010). ReferencesMarks, D.B, Marks, D.A., & Smith, C. (2010). Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach.

Organization behaviour Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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'Tourism education and training in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descartes - Essay Example His method throughout the project is to establish a radical skepticism in which he doubts everything, even his own ability to conceive of himself and the existence of the world (Newman). As he comes in Meditation III to a proof for God, he finds it necessary to argue God into existence in order to move beyond the certainty of knowledge he has established in some very simple facts, including the cogito and simple mathematics. In this brief essay, it will be shown that Descartes proves God’s existence as a means of defeating radical skepticism, and his argument for that proof will be considered for its validity and relevance to his overall project.  In order to achieve his objective of proving the knowledge is possible, Descartes dives into an ever-increasing skepticism in which he doubts even the existence of himself and his own ability to imagine the word and his place in it. As part of his method, he imagines a demonic deceiver who works to mislead him at every turn. The deceiver presents him with a challenge that almost cripples his project since the deceiver, when taken to the logical extreme, makes all but his own private thought possible to doubt. He has ideas about the world that seem certain, including his own existence and simple mathematics, but he must prove that such ideas have corresponding material realities in the world in order to prove knowledge possible. The use of demon deceiver suggests that the link between ideas and material reality may be dubious. At the end of the Second Meditation, Descartes establishes the cogito as a form of certainty that he begins to believe will suffice as the first thing that he can actually argue with certainty. He thinks, and in that ability to think, he believes he expresses something too important to be overlooked. By being able to conceive of the notion of thought, he must exist, since to think something (even if it is the act of thinking) is by definition to bring the

Main purpose of job design

Main purpose of job design The main purpose of job design is for quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, cost, health and safety. This is the way to achieve greatness in conducting their working style and working techniques. Globalization is claimed that it will help in increasing the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing the world. Globalization will help the company to gain more profit and a lot of advantages. Not only profit and advantages can be gain, globalization will also have its own disadvantages. Strategy formulations include the materials in making the product, where is the product being manufacture and who is producing the product. This is the strategy to improve the needs and quality for the customer. Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers is also one of the company strategies. Process of manufacturing the product will also help in maintaining the quality; follow the newest technologies and trend. This will help in saving the cost and fulfil the customer needs. Shoe manufacturing processes and the key factors in the design of products and services for shoes are covered in this assignment. Shoe manufacturing sequence and the system of the manufacturing process will be discussed in detailed. The key factor of designs of shoes product which includes the shoe insole and sole portion and various type of service provided in shoe manufacturing including the after sales services are presented in this assignment. Besides, discussion and elaborating of quality planning and quality control processes in achieving high performance products and services for company. There are some different quality planning for the production and the quality control for New Balance such as applying some ISO quality standard as a prove for the company. ISO 9000 is the series of quality standard which reflecting the importance of quality and reliability. Quality and costing is related to each other, have a good quality product only can make the company financially strong but it also cannot be archived without the help from high technology apparel. The time was a profit for the company; we need high technology machineries to increase the amount of products with greater and stable quality. Last section of this assignment, describe about the profit that the company earned throughout the years since it was taken over by the current chairman, Mr. James S Davis, based on the industrial analysis did by a company called DATAMONITOR and the Factsheet announced by the company itself at financial year 2010. Then we have a topic about the result to the company after the company ventured to new market in Asia, and some about the payback from the investment on technological machineries that the company had spent on. Introduction What is a job design? Job design is the principles and techniques to the humanization of work, improve satisfaction, improve quality and reduce employee problems. It is a process to achieve satisfaction and trust from consumer. What is globalization? Globalization is mean of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations. It is also a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. What is strategy formulation? Strategy formulation is a way of a company plan on its business strategy. Strategy formulation is vital to the well-being of a company or organization. This strategy has effects on the company which will bring benefits. What is the process to meet the customer needs and quality? It is mean by how the shoes are being produced. This process of making the shoes will help to follow the modern trend of making the product and save cost. Furthermore, we have mention clearly about example of quality control of New Balance such as the step of the quality check from raw material until final product. The definition of Total Quality Control (TQC) or Total Quality Management (TQM) was stated clearly here. The machines purchase from New Balance to increase their efficiency and control quality of their shoes. This helps New Balance develop better designs, improve quality, and innovate their process capabilities. To produce a good quality and precision part in a huge number and reduce worker was an aim of all manufacturing field company, but by using handmade work is hard to do so. The only way can do is through high tech machine, by this way not only can come out a quality less reject part, on the other hand together reduce worker and make company earn in good selling and save a lot in labour cost. This will make the company finance to be strong and the enemy of manufacturing field factory was the part that been produce reject and return from their customer, this will make the company lost a lot in the costing. Let us see what technology can help in manufacturing. New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. which is a privately held company that founded and based in Massachusetts in USA performance in finance. The company was first setup in 1906 as the manufacturer of arch supports and orthopedic shoes. Now the company is famous as the manufactures for running, hiking, tennis, basketball, cross training shoes, and variety of athletic apparel. The company is being well known as the only shoe manufacturer still based in USA that offering its products in a wide range of width size with high quality of craftsmanship, which generate billion of sales annually. According to the latest factsheet dated 2010, the company is making massive earnings after the business owner taking over and decided to be more focus. The owner also invested lot of money to upgrade the manufacturing plant with newer technology machinery. Until now, the latest record show that there was a total of $2.32 billion USD sales made in the financial year 2009, whereby $1.07 billion USD of annua l sales in USA, $1.65 billion of annual sales worldwide. Discuss the job design and method of work organisation employed by New Balance Corporation for both local and global market to remain competitive. Critically derive the advantages and disadvantages of going global. Job design purpose and objective is for quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, cost, health and safety. Job design is also mean by application of working principles and techniques humanization of work. This is the way of conducting their working style and working techniques. The aim of job design is to make sure and improved the job satisfaction of the company. Improved quality of product is an objective of design. New Balance Corporation is a company that stress on quality. New Balance is an athletic shoes company that mainly focus on performance rather than the outlook and style. The aim of job design is also to raise the productivity levels, challenge and responsibility of ones work. Example is the New Balance shoes come in a wide range of widths and sizes. The quality can be achieve because New Balance Company have their philosophy which is listen, learn and refine. Another method that New Balance Company uses is well-trained workers. The well train workers are train to perform different jobs and tasks. New Balance Company is creative by adapting to new technologies to shoemaking. The company also constantly give training to their employee in teamwork and technical skills so they can work by sharing and helping each other on the task to make sure everything done on time. Dependability is a job design method that New Balance Company stresses on. New Balance Corporation is a company that design and manufacture their product in the United States. Example of dependability is buyer or consumer will look into where the product is manufacture because consumer depend and trust product that are import from countries such as United States, Germany, Japan and others. Reduce employee problem is also one of the main purpose of job design. Job design is an aimed to reduce or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee bad behaviour arising. Dissatisfaction and employee bad behaviour arising will cause the employee to make mistake. Once the employee make mistake then accident will happen and that will cause health and safety. Running shoes of new balance company is made United States. This is the culture where it produces close to the customers and also allows quick turnarounds on new design and order fulfilment. This is the flexibility of the company to fulfil the desire of customer to purchase the product. One of the method that New Balance Corporation is they refuse to hire superstars to endorse its product and this will also help to cut a lot of cost. Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers is also one of the company methods. This will help the company to save money and also following the modern trend. Globalisation is claimed that globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. There are advantages of globalisation and also disadvantages on going global. Advantages of globalisation Staying in one country is not a good method to remain competitive, so the New Balance Corporation chooses to launch a strategy to distribute all over the globe. To gain more profit is a company aims. Profit can be gain by expand their products to all over the globe. Expand the products to worldwide will be a global marketing advantage. From the global business, New Balance Company can be advertised on the internet and customers can easily view and purchase wherever and whenever they want. Advertising in the internet is a good advantage for the global business. Increased sales are for sure under the advertising in the internet. Under the global marketing, higher profits can be earn and achieve. New knowledge and experience is also an advantage under the internet global marketing. Another advantages going global is jobs been created. Once the company invested in another country, the job opportunity created. Once there are jobs for people, the economy will run smoothly. Wealth can be ob tained under the global marketing and productivity can growth wider. Wealth can be obtained means that human is going to gain money and an easier lifestyle. When going global, business will not only depend on the existing market but it will also have wide scale market. This means that new markets and producing dynamic sales can be obtain easily. The brand can consistency maintains their brand image. When the consistency in brand image is achieved, the brand will became famous and popular. This will also bring to higher sales and profit. Besides that, good ideas will be gain under going global. Good ideas can be gain from any individual in the globe and that can lead to a better design. This will help to identify what consumer needs and wants for their product. Going global will also establish good relationship between countries. After establish good relationship between countries, free trade between countries also increases. Furthermore, the flexibility of corporations to operate ac ross borders increases. This will ensure the company to run their business smoothly and without difficulties. Disadvantages of globalisation Global marketing also have its disadvantages which is the difference of consumer response can be unpredictable. Some of the product might be selling fast and out of stock. Differences of consumer likes will cause the product to pile up and cannot be sold. Product that cannot be sold might go for a very cheap price and that might cause losses to the company. The disadvantage on internet marketing is when their product is promoted in the internet; they will have to compete with different type of brand and product development. Besides that, the disadvantages also include differences in consumer patterns such as needs and wants that is influence by their regional. Differences in legal concerns may also create conflict to the home market. Language barrier is a disadvantage on going global because different countries have their own languages and they might not understand English. There are also additional costs to set a website on the internet. Besides that, advertising and maintaining the website will also cost another sum of money. Another disadvantage on going global is the company will faces a lot of challenges and competitive environment. The company will face challenges from other brand that offer cheaper and quality product. Cultural problems are also a disadvantage for the globalization. This will endanger the age old cultures which have been followed religiously all over the world. There are many countries which would never agree when it comes to culture or religion. The influence of local cultures and tradition will slowly start to wear down when the migration become easy. Globalization will also increase the spread of diseases. Disease can be spread because of the increase in flow people. This will cause human to vulnerable to health issues. Conclusion is there are advantages and disadvantages of going global. Done by: Lai Kiat Xiang Observe the strategy formulation and processes to continuously improve to meet the customer needs, and quality at lower cost. Shoe is a type of footwear that protects and supports the foot. Running shoes or athletic shoes is different from the ordinary shoes. The rubber on athletic shoes helps to cushion the hard surfaces when running. The construction of athletic shoes is important in order to prevent injuries and giving a good balancing and support while running. Running shoes can be divided into two main sections which is upper covers the top of the foot and the sole. The two main sections can be divided into three which is insole, midsole and outsole. The process of the running shoe is starting at the front on the upper part is feather line. This is where the edge is form. The edge is form where the toe guard tip meets the bottom of the shoe. A single piece of material that gives shape to a shoe and forms the toe box is call a vamp. The vamp has an attachments some sort of a throat which it contains the eyestay and lacing section. Under the lacing section is the tongue. The tongue protects the foot from direct contact with the laces. Reinforcements are attached to the vamp along the sides of the shoe. There are two types of reinforcements. First, it is the saddle. The saddle is when it is sewn on the outside of the back of the reinforcements. The second type of the reinforcements is called an arch bandage where if it is sewn on the inside. Collar is a part where it is further towards the back of the shoe. Collar usually has an Achilles tendon protector at the top back of the shoe. The foxing shapes the rear end of the shoe and underneath there is a plastic cup which it is use to support the heel. The plastic cup which supports the heel is called the heel counter. Figure 1 Figure 1 above is showing how shoe is made. The first step as we can see from the diagram above is involving the die cutting. The shoe parts are cut in a cookie cutter fashion. The pieces that are cut will form the upper part of the shoe. The pieces will be stitched or cemented together and the upper part will be form. After the pieces were cemented, the upper will looks like a round hat rather than a shoe. This extra material is called the lasting margin. After that, lace holes will be punched out. After that, a last which is a plastic mould is use to fit the upper before the upper is cement with the insole board. The upper has to heat before fit on to a last. It is then both the upper and insole board is press together to get bond. Midsole and outsole is then cemented on to the upper. Before midsole and outsole is cemented to the upper, both of the outsole and midsole will have to be align and bond together. When the cement is cool, the shoe is removed from the last. The midsole is designed to absorb the shock and the wedge is designed to supports the heel. The insole which is arch support is located inside the shoe. Below is a sample of a completed running shoe. One of the strategies to improve to meet the customer needs and quality is by manufacturing some of its product in America. When the product is manufacture in America, trust of buyers will increase. The trust of buyers increase because America product is a trusted product compare to other countries. Example is whenever a product is being manufacture in China, consumer and buyers will think twice before purchasing the product. Besides that, New Balance has their own strategy formulation on their product which is their own technical innovations. The technical innovation is such as a blend of gels inserts, heel counters and a greater selection of sizes. Some people might have a larger foot and New Balance Company is producing a greater selection size of shoes. Quality control is one of the strategies by the New Balance Company. New Balance Company is producing a good quality of shoes because of the ingredients and materials in making their shoes. The ingredient is such as gel, air or plastic on making the midsoles. The inner side of the midsole is often made of firm material such as polyurethane (PU), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or combination of them. This material is use in order to prevent overpronation of the foot. Polyurethane is used in the heel area and a very thin layer of ethylene vinyl acetate is used in the insole. Besides that, New Balance Company also uses investing in other countries as their strategy to get their customer needs. Once the company invest in that country, the customer will get the product easily and the goods dont have to be import from America. This will also cut the cost on the product. Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers is also one of the company strategies to cut cost and still following the modern trend. Done by: Lai Kiat Xiang 3. Critically observe the shoe manufacturing processes and examines the key factors in the designs of products and services. In their manufacturing process line, its not only about manpower but also with the robotic machines. It is why New Balance also brings in the new technology from apparel manufacturers and spends $100,000 for every see-and- sews machines which able to produce a pair of shoes in 24minute compare with 3 hours use if in China and get high productivity with efficiency speed. Shoe manufacturing sequence Design for shoe sole n upper and provide material detail Create shoe sole mould to make exclusive sole and insole. Make a sample or prototype for testing. Have implemented on the product. Final products come out. Start production for shoe sole and insole. Cutting, sewing, lasting and finishing Quality control and delivery order. How to satisfy customizations on shoe manufacturing with systematically? A. Satisfaction fitting impact Materials: The Main reason should concern for good quality shoe is the shoe material. The relationship between suppliers and manufacturers must be good and both must be able to solve problems together and suppliers must fast react on the specific material orders. B1. Outlook customization The customization of shoes may include the upper material colours and outlook designs. If a manufacturing systems have a high capability to satisfy aesthetic customization that allow buyer choose their shoes colours, it must be a great set of coloured materials or the material can be dye the upper portion. B2. Shoe accessories Shoe accessories such as bows, decoration or any particular lace may add into the shoes to add to the standard station. C1. The materials are needed to satisfy transpiration or thermal request with much kind of different materials. C2. Due to various types of materials, technical could needs for particular stitching technique different by the standard way for the leather. It may needs a flexible stitching station which able to adapt to different typology. C3. If the insole production system have the capability to satisfy shock absorption of the production customization of the sole, it may needs more complex and right technique to realize a various set of shock absorption. State of the art technology is used to identify the right shape of human feet to custom orthotic foot bed. A typical scan of human leg will be tested and this let the manufacturer able to make the most comfortable orthotic insole. After inspected, cleaned, dressed and polished, heel socks, laces and the brand label will be added, then the QC (quality checked) will be approved and the shoes will be packed and ready to sell. After sales services also available from some shoes company. Method for doing an orthopaedic shoe lift Split the sole in half, add the material build up to your specified height, taper off correctly at the front, and then reattach the bottom of your sole. This method ensures an aesthetically pleasing look as well as being very comfortable and unnoticeable. Add a shoe lift and build up to the full length of the sole. This is the correct way to do it and all of shoe lifts are done this way unless specified otherwise. Why need a build up of the sole, but not just use an insole Insoles are bad for foot when used for this purpose and can cause problems in back. The correct and safe way is to have a build up. How high of a shoe lift can build? There is corrected leg length discrepancies for patients as high as 6 inches and are not limited to that. Any shoe can add shoe lift? Any shoe with a full length concrete sole will take to a shoe lift nicely, and shoe manufacturer work with running shoes, dress shoes, work and hiking boots, and golf shoes too. Charge for shoe lifts? Cost starts at $39.99 for a half inch and an additional $14.99 for every quarter inch thereafter. There are additional charges for harder to split soles like the ones in boots and golf shoes. Done by: Wong Yng Chung 4. Discuss and elaborate the necessity of quality planning and quality control processes in achieving high performance products and services for the company. Quality control for New Balance can be: Dimensions of sole and insole Dimensions of various shoe size Colour, pattern and designs Material of the shoe Elasticity/durability of the shoe Life time of the shoe Quality check from professional Remain the shoes quality for different production line Reliability of shoes box packaging for delivery. Solid, long term partnership with trustable suppliers. Ensuring in-store safety and quality New technology to improve the effectiveness and quality of production. Total Quality Control (TQC) or Total Quality Management (TQM) refers to quality control beyond the sustaining of quality. These two concepts may lead to continual increases in quality. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, recipient of many awards, including the Deming Prize, Total Quality Control as a system of inventing and implementing quality technologies into various departments of a company engineering, production, sales and service all this is purposely for satisfying customers. He stated that viewed chronologically, TQC is only the first stage of Companywide Quality Control (CWQC). CWQC incorporates quality function deployment (QFD), where as TQC does not. QFD is a design procedure that introduces quality control in product development. It is a formal mechanism that guarantees the comment of the customer is heard throughout all the phases of manufacturing a product or providing a service. As Dale Besterfield stated in his book Quality Control, the deliverance of a quality product or service requires the responsible integration of all the firms departments such as marketing, product engineering, purchasing, manufacturing engineering, manufacturing, and inspection and testing, packaging and shipping, and customer service. TQC is far more than sustaining quality, as it may include control systems, employee relations and organizational behaviour, statistical process control, and Japanese management techniques. Quality control techniques and standards, affecting almost all aspects of business, have now been adopted at national and international levels. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award exemplifies the former. President Ronald Reagan signed the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act on 20th of August 1987. The act was the culmination of a national campaign to improve the quality of goods and services in the United States. The award represents the highest level of recognition that an American company can receive. On an international level, the ISO 9000 series of quality standards was first published in 1987. These standards reflect the importance of quality and reliability as critical factors for achieving and maintaining worldwide competitive advantage. Another example is the international environment management standard, ISO 14001. Companies worldwide use this standard as a blueprint to develop and refine internal environmental management systems. New Balance purchased 70units see-and- sew machines in 1 short and set up on machine shops to grind the 30 templates need for a typical shoe. Each set of templates took about 1 week, but they manage to make their workers to produce a pair of shoes in 24minute compare with 3 hours use if in China and get high productivity with efficient speed. High salary paid for their workers such as well-trained employees are able to make $14 an hour. All of these well-trained employees can be perform well and they are performing half a dozen different jobs and switching task every few minute. The efficiency of the manufacturing has been increase. Every person of them able to operate computerised sewing equipment and automated stitches that of 20 peoples work. New balance corporate also remain competitive at home by introduce new technologies to shoe making creatively. Constantly training is also provided for their employees either in teamwork or technical skills to improve their employees quality. Firstly, employees start with 22hours of classroom training on teamwork and get constant training on the factory floor. Then they will work in teams of five or six, sharing task and helping one another until make sure everything get done. In this teamwork function, many ideals about improvement of process will be come from shop floor workers. In their manufacturing process line, its not only about manpower but also with the robotic machines. They also bring in the new technology from apparel manufacturers and spend $100,000 for every see-and- sew machines. The most impressive part is they purchased 70units in 1 time and set up on machine shops to grind the 30 templates need for a typical shoe. Each set of templates took about 1 week, but they manage to make their workers to produce a pair of shoes in 24minute compare with 3 hours use if in China. Labour cost per shoe is $4 hour in Maine compare to $1.30 in China, it is a range of $2.70 for every shoe which is 4percent more from the selling price of $70. But good salary paid is worth-able when they get high productivity with efficient speed. Investment time on the manufacturing process helps New Balance develop better designs, improve quality, and innovate their process capabilities. By the way, if it outsourced all of its production then this would cause the company to suffer lost financially. Done by: Wong Yng Chung 5. Carefully observe how the reduced-quality product would affect the company financially. Discuss the financial analysis to justify the use of technology in the shoe manufacturing operation. For a company the quality of product is very important to convince customer to trust and buy their product, it totally affect companies financial once the product that produce rejected and returned. The cost of transport will be charge to company for the return part. Besides that, normally reject part will cause line down if the part very urgent to support to the end customer, means that the cost will to be charge to our company account due to our reject part. When the reject part was returned, company have to arrange manpower to rework for the part and extra costing will be count for the rework base on how many hours needed to complete the reject batch. If unfortunately the reject bath cannot rework it have to be scrap, means that extra issue cost will be needed for the raw material besides that production have to be rearrange to rebuild for the reject quantity. Once reject part was found internally, the machine have to be stop and realignment or resetting to make sure come out part will be in good quality. On the other hand, some time it will take one or half day to refitting or resetting regarding to the reject defect, This will cause no output for the day and fail the shipment for that day. Delay shipment also will cause penalty by quantity not enough for the customer. To come out a quality product for new balance, a modular manufacturing (teamwork) system were introduced. With this system it come out a better quality control and more efficient production, this system was improved with associates trained on more than one job in the factory, which meant a more varied days work and tighter quality control for the product. For the year 1991, production only can run around 2000 3000 pairs of shoes in a week and steadily increased to 4771 pairs of shoes per week by 1993 and continued increased to 7403 pairs of shoes by year 1996 and to 9787 pairs of shoes by 1998. The factory and finally broke the one million pair of shoes per year barrier in 2003. [11] To produce big amount quantity and quality of shoes in a day, we need help from the technology and impossible to produce big amount and precision part by human. For example by using the inversion type rubber shoe-mould finalizing machine, it was a professional shoe making equipment which integrates the vulcanization, stitching and finalizing all process can be done by it and was fully function of automatic program control can save a lot of labour cost. Besides that it was a control by hydraulic pressure system it can keep constant the temperature, deflate, draw pattern and also control time automatically. The adoption of the mechanical connecting bar structure was to ensure no split of mould and degumming phenomenon during the vulcanizing process. Because of the machine is inversion type, the shoes surface can be kept clean, high quality jackboot and other military shoes also can be produce by it. This is the advantage of the technology and help company to save lots of labour cost an d produce quality product and some of the process is impossible can be reach by human being.[12] Besides that in the shoes mould technology with a precision mould it can produce two pair of shoes in a short cycle time compare with a handmade, presently of new moulding technology which can reduce of the cycle time and increase in a number of cavities from two to four, this had been shown that the production efficiency has been improved with the help of the new improved shoes mould design for longer mould life and better quality parts, besides that by improved the cooling system of the mould gate and separate core inserts it used to improve ventilation, reduced thickness of the part without any compromise on quality. By this new technology it allow the significant cost saving intelligence, process innovation, increase productivity, the preventive maintenance qualit