A Research Paper on American Airlines Flight 587 free essay sample

The following is a research paper on American Airlines Flight 587 that after losing its horizontal tail rudder crashed into a residential area of Belle Harbor, New York shortly after takeoff from John F Kennedy Airport. I will discuss the characteristics of the A300-600 rudder control system design, A300-600 rudder pedal inputs at high airspeeds, rudder composite structure, aircraft-pilot coupling, and wake turbulence, and the NTSB summary of what caused the crash of flight AA587 A Research Paper on American Airlines Flight 587 The History of flight AA587 On November 12, 2001, at 0916 eastern standard time, American Airlines flight 587, an Airbus Industry A300-605R, N14053, crashed into a residential area of Belle Harbor, New York, shortly after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Jamaica, New York. Flight 587 was a scheduled passenger flight to Las Americas International Airport, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, with 2 flight Crewmembers, 7 flight attendants, and 251 passengers3 aboard the airplane. We will write a custom essay sample on A Research Paper on American Airlines Flight 587 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The airplanes vertical stabilizer and rudder separated in flight and were found in Jamaica Bay, about 1 mile north of the main wreckage site. The airplane’s engines also separated in flight and were found several blocks north and east of the main wreckage site. All 260 people aboard the airplane and 5 people on the ground were killed, and the airplane was destroyed by impact forces and a post-crash fire. Flight 587 was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 121 on an instrument flight rules flight plan. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The accident airplane was delivered new to American Airlines on July 12, 1988. At the time of the accident, the airplane had accumulated 37,550 flight hours and 14,934 cycles. History of Airbus A300 The development of the A300 airplane began in May 1969, and the first flight of an A300 occurred in October 1972. The A300B2 and A300B4 models entered service in May 1974 and June 1975, respectively. The development of the A300-600 series airplane (a derivative of the A300B2/B4) began in December 1980, the first flight of an A300-600 occurred in July 1983, and the airplane was certificated in March 1984. Before the accident, 242 A300-600 series airplanes were in service worldwide. The A300-605R is one of several variants of the A300-600 series airplane. The â€Å"5† refers to the type of engine installed on the airplane and the â€Å"R† refers to the airplane’s ability to carry fuel in the horizontal stabilizer. (National Transportation Safety Board [NTSB], 2004, p. 14) First Officer Information The first officer, Stan Molin age 34, was hired by American Airlines in March 1991. He held an ATP certificate and an FAA first-class medical certificate dated October 18, 2001, with a limitation that required him to wear correcting lenses while exercising the privileges of the certificate. The first officer received a type rating on the A300 in November 1998. According to American Airlines records, the first officer had flown Shorts 360, Beechcraft 99, and DeHavilland DHC-6 airplanes in commuter and regional operations under 14 CFR Parts 121 and 135. He had accumulated 3,220 hours total flying time in commercial and general aviation before his employment with American Airlines. American Airlines records also indicated that the first officer had accumulated 4,403 hours total flying time, 26 including 1,835 hours as an A300 second-in-command. (National Transportation Safety Board [NTSB], 2004, p. 1) Rudder Structure The A300-600 vertical stabilizer and rudder were constructed with composite materials, that is, mixtures that contain two or more distinct materials that are unified into one combined material. (NTSB, 2004, p. 15) Composite materials Carbon fiber is a form of graphite in which these sheets are long and thin. You might think of them as ribbons of graphite. Bun ches of these ribbons like to pack together to form fibers, hence the name carbon fiber. These fibers arent used by themselves. Instead, theyre used to reinforce materials like epoxy resins and other thermosetting materials. We call these reinforced materials composites because they have more than one component. Carbon fiber reinforced composites are very strong for their weight. Theyre often stronger than steel, but a whole lot lighter. Because of this, they can be used to replace metals in many uses, from parts for airplanes and the space shuttle to tennis rackets and golf clubs. (Carbon Fiber, 2005, p. 1) Rudder Structural Analyses NASA-Langley’s and Airbus’ analyses determined that the fracture of the right rear main attachment lug was the most probable initial failure. The analyses indicated that, The vertical stabilizer fractured from the fuselage in overstress, starting with the right rear lug while the vertical stabilizer was exposed to aerodynamic loads that were about twice the certified limit load design envelope and after the right rear main attachment lug fractured, all of the remaining attachment fittings would fracture with no increase in external loading. (NTSB, 2004, p. 115) Flight Control System The A300B2/B4 model used a rudder control system employing a Variable Lever Arm (VLA) to limit rudder travel. A similar rudder-ratio changer design is also found in most other transport category aircraft. The VLA limited the amount of rudder available to the pilot as the airplane’s speed increased. The rudder pedals consistently moved the same physical distance, yielding a proportion of rudder relative to speed. In 1988, Airbus implemented a completely new rudder design, which significantly modified the function of the previous model and hence, the handling qualities of the new A300-600 airplane design. This new system used a variable stop actuator (VSA) which is also found in the MD-80. The VSA also limited the amount of rudder available to the pilot. The difference in this system is that the distance which the rudder pedals moved also decreased as the rudder movement decreased in proportion to speed. A significant flaw in the design failed to offer the same kind of protection as in the McDonnell design. The MD-80 limits rudder travel and affords protection in the form of rudder â€Å"blow down† should an operator demand more rudder travel (with resultant excessive load) than the structure can withstand. These kinds of redundant system designs are common in commercial aviation. The Airbus Flight Crew Operations Manual (FCOM) addresses the rudder system much like any other manufacturer and, in fact, did not change the language of the FCOM even after changing the A300 design from the VLA to the VSA system. (Allied Pilots Association, 2002, p. 9) Blow-Down System On an aircraft equipped with a hinge moment limiting (or â€Å"blow-down†) system, a device is employed to limit the force capability of the hydraulic actuators, and thereby aerodynamic forces limit the maximum rudder deflection output as airspeed or aircraft configuration changes. American Airlines, 2004, p. 11) Vortices and Wake Turbulence Vortices form because of the difference in pressure between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing that is operating at a positive lift. Since pressure is a continuous function, the pressures must become equal at the wing tips. The tendency is for particles of air to move from the lower wing surface around the wing tip to the upper surface (from the region of high pressure to the region of low pressure) so that the pressure becomes equal above and below the wing. In addition, there exists the oncoming free-stream flow of air approaching the wing. If these two movements of air are combined, there is an inclined inward flow of air on the upper wing surface and an inclined outward flow of air on the lower wing surface. The flow is strongest at the wing tips and decreases to zero at the mid-span point as evidenced by the flow direction there being parallel to the free-stream direction. When the air leaves the trailing edge of the wing, the air from the upper surface is inclined to that from the lower surface, and helical paths, or vortices, result. A whole line of vortices trails back from the wing, the vortex being strongest at the tips and decreasing rapidly to zero at mid-span. A short distance downstream, the vortices roll up and combine into two distinct cylindrical vortices that constitute the tip vortices. The tip vortices trail back from the wing tips and they have a tendency to sink and roll toward each other downstream of the wing. Again, eventually the tip vortices dissipate, their energy being transformed by viscosity this change may take some time and may prove to be dangerous to other aircraft. The tip vortices cause additional down flow (or downwash) behind the wing within the wingspan. For an observer fixed in the air, all the air within the vortex system is moving downward (called down wash) whereas all the air outside the vortex system is moving upward (called up wash). An aircraft flying perpendicular to the flight path of the airplane creating the vortex pattern will encounter up wash, downwash, and up wash in that order. The gradient, or change of downwash to up wash, can become very large at the tip vortices and cause extreme motions in the airplane flying through it. An airplane flying into a tip vortex also has a large tendency to roll over. If the control surfaces of the airplane are not effective enough to counteract the airplane roll tendency, the pilot may lose control or, in a violent case, experience structural failure. (Langley Research Center, 2005, Chapter 4) The takeoff and landings of the new generation of jumbo jets compound the problems of severe tip vortices. During takeoff and landing, the speed of the airplane is low and the airplane is operating at high lift coefficients to maintain flight. The Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) has shown that for a 600,000lbs (2. 7 million-kilogram) plane, the tip vortices may extend back strongly for five miles (eight kilometers) from the airplane and the downwash may approach 160 meters per minute (500 ft/min). Tests also show that a small light aircraft flying into a vortex could be rolled over at rates exceeding 90 degrees per second. (Langley Research Center, 2005, Chapter 4) Wake Vortex Investigation As part of the airplane performance study, the Safety Board requested that NASA-Langley conduct a wake vortex investigation. Specifically, the Board asked NASA-Langley to investigate whether flight 587 could have encountered the wake vortexes of Japan Air Lines flight 47. NASA-Langley used flight path and wind information for American Airlines flight 587 and Japan Air Lines flight 47 provided by the Safety Board, as well as atmospheric data for the day of the accident, as inputs to four wake prediction models. In a report on its investigation, NASA-Langley stated the following: A wake vortex from Japan Air Lines flight 47 was likely transported into the flight path of flight 587. The atmospheric conditions aloft were favorable for a slow rate of vortex decay. The wake vortex from Japan Air Lines flight 47 would have had an age of about 100 seconds, and flight 587 would have encountered the wake vortex at a time before vortex linking and rapid vortex decay. The predicted circulation of the wake vortex at the times of the apparent encounters would have been between 63 and 80 percent of the vortex’s initial strength. In testimony at the public hearing, the main author of the wake vortex investigation report stated that, even though his ork supported a wake encounter, the wake was â€Å"nothing extraordinary. †(NTSB, 2004, p. 57) Aircraft Pilot Coupling Aircraft pilot coupling (APC) was previously known as Pilot Involved Oscillation (PIO). An APC event is when the dynamics of the aircraft (including the flight control system [FCS]) and the dynamics of the pilot combine to produce an unstable pilot vehicle system. APC events can result if the pilot i s operating with a behavioral mode that is inappropriate for the task at hand, and such events are properly ascribed to pilot error. However, the committee believes that most severe APC events attributed to pilot error are the result of adverse APC that misleads the pilot into taking actions that contribute to the severity of the event. (Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council, 1997, p. 14) APC problems are often associated with the introduction of new designs, technologies, functions, or complexities. New technologies, such as FBW and fly-by-light flight control systems, are constantly being incorporated into aircraft. As a result, opportunities for APC are likely to persist or even increase. (Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council, 1997, p. 19) Flight 587 APC Event What the pilots of Flight 587 did not know was that the rudder controls on the A300-600 become increasingly sensitive as airspeed increases above 165 knots; this unique sensitivity creates adverse APC propensities primarily in the lateral axis. Flight AA587’s APC event was triggered by an unexpectedly sensitive response of the rudder to an initial, single pedal input by the pilot during a wake vortex encounter. Due to the unique characteristics in the aircraft’s flight control system design, the pilot became caught in an adverse APC/pilot involved oscillation mode as he attempted to counter the effects of that input. Specifically, after making a control wheel input followed by a rudder input intended to achieve a desired aircraft response, the over-sensitivity of the rudder control system induced the pilot to make additional, essentially cyclic, corrective rudder inputs as he attempted to stabilize the aircraft. American Airlines, 2004, p. 60) Probable Cause of Flight AA587 Crash Flight AA587 crash was triggered by an unexpectedly sensitive response of the rudder to an initial, single pedal input by the pilot during a wake vortex encounter. Due to the unique characteristics in the aircraft’s flight control system design, the pilot became caught in an adverse APC/pilot involved oscillation mode as he attempted to counter the effects of that input. Specifically, after making a control wheel input followed by a rudder input intended to achieve a desired aircraft response, the over-sensitivity of the rudder control system induced the pilot to make additional, essentially cyclic, corrective rudder inputs as he attempted to stabilize the aircraft. Unknown to the pilot, because of the sensitivity of the rudder controls and the powerful nature of the hydraulically driven rudder actuators, these corrective inputs rapidly generated rupture loads. (American Airlines, 2004, p. 0) An aspect of Advanced Airplane Maneuvering Program (AAMP) training relative to upset recovery techniques introduced response time delays to roll inputs in the training simulator. Flight crews in training, when encountering the delayed responses during roll upsets, reverted to use of the rudder in order to provide the necessary roll response to initiate recovery.

GENETIC TESTING Example

GENETIC TESTING Example GENETIC TESTING – Coursework Example Genetic Testing: Case 4 on Roy Smith Genetic Testing: Case 4 on Roy Smith The human genome project was lauded as one of themost effective developments in medicine, as it enables researchers to understand the genetic alterations behind any given health condition (Marks et al, 2010). One of the essential advantages of genetic testing therefore is that it opens the mind of the person of interest towards the mechanisms of managing the potential condition. Consequently, I harbor the belief that Roy Smith and his entire family, should go for screening of the ApoE gene, which somewhat confirms the existence of Alzheimer’s diseases, for by taking part in such an approach Roy will be fulfilling responsibility to self and family. In as much as sections of people hold the opinion that genetic testing of conditions such as Alzheimer’s habitually result in the person demonstrating pre-symptomatic illnesses, I do not share that ideology, as it will enable Roy Smith and his entire fam ily plan on how they will go about the future, particularly in regard to finances and safety. In like manner, such an approach will make sure that they optimize the currently available medical management mechanisms of Alzheimer’s condition. This will particularly be demonstrated when healthcare providers are able to identify and eliminate risk factors that can trigger Alzheimer’s disease. At the same time, healthcare providers have overtime reaffirmed that early screening comes with considerable relief, principally because Roy Smith and his family will be able to understand completely all there is to know regarding Alzheimer’s condition. Over and above, practices such as early screening of health conditions are part of advancements that have been made in the field of healthcare and medicine and should be completely embraced (Marks et al, 2010). ReferencesMarks, D.B, Marks, D.A., & Smith, C. (2010). Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach.

Organization behaviour Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organization behaviour - Article Example However, in most of the large corporations, the sales plan is usually developed by the decision-making/higher management. In this case, core responsibility of the manager is to execute and manage the sales plan through motivating the sales team in order to achieve one of the corporation’s objectives. In IBM, I would like to be a role model in order to instigate my team of salespeople and develop a culture of sales reputation keeping in view the client value. I will do following steps to manage and motivate the team to enhance their working tempo in dynamic environment. My main focus will be increasing contract quantity and haste in the business unit. This could be achieved by maintaining proper communication of the sales plan to the team in order to motivate them to enhance their performance and productivity. Three months before my company hired a new manager and he is used to assign the tasks of my responsibilities to one of my colleague; even he has not the same job responsibilities as mine. I am one of the most efficient employees of the company and also got recognitions from the company. But I am not as much proficient on the tasks that are being assigned to me. This eventually affects my efficiency and creating an embarrassing situation for me. After my joining to this company, initially I assigned two very important tasks to Dusan. But unfortunately, he did not respond to those up to the standard and right at that moment I have to reproduce them from my own in order to provision of reports of the tasks to my higher management. Furthermore, I have also given instructions to Dusan to redo the tasks but he was not available at that moment. Due to this situation, he lost my trust on the important and urgent tasks; therefore, I am assigning these tasks to one of his colleague. I would propose five steps strategy to handle the above conflict situation. The first step is an assessment of the conflict regarding what is the conflict at

'Tourism education and training in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

'Tourism education and training in China - Essay Example This figure continued to rise in subsequent years, as depicted by the figure below1. The total number of inbound tourists and growth rates between 1996-2000 were respectively as follows: 51.1275 million in 1996, with an increase of 10.2% over the previous year; 57.5879 million in 1997, a rise of 12.6%; 63.4784 million in 1998, up 10.2%; 72.7956 million in 1999, up 14.7%; and 83.4439 million in 2000, increasing by 14.7%. But the real impetus came after China joined the WTO regime in December 2001. Thereafter European tourists also headed towards China in big numbers, as they wanted to unravel the mystery called China, the land of billions. Business community from Europe and America now wanted to explore the market potential of China. This further helped the Chinese tourism industry, which too started realizing the need for bringing in more professionalism in the industry. Tourism education forms a basic component for managing the industry more professionally. Tourism education began in a big way in 1978 when Nanjing Tourism School was first established and Shanghai Tourism College the year after. China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) set up tourism departments in seven colleges and universities in the 1980s to meet the needs of developing managerial personnel for the tourism industry. To prosper, tourism requires participation of the industry, the government and the public in good measure. Me anwhile, many other colleges and schools began to set up their own tourism education departments or specialties (Zhang et al, 2001). In addition, some organizations, like international hotel chains, tourism companies also started taking interest in setting up their own training system, providing on the job training, various management trainings etc. From Chinese government statistics, in 1986, there were only 27 universities and colleges offering hospitality and tourism programs with 4,800 students. The number increased to 69 universities with 8,551 students in 1989. Subsequently in 1998 there were 936 tourism schools and colleges having 29,566 students (Huyton et al, 1999). Before the onset of the liberalization era Chinese government was known for keeping a firm control on almost all service sectors. But gradually the public sector units with the government are being handed over to private management and government has started concentrating on governance. A report by United Nation s' World Tourism Organisation, at the end of the year 2004, China stands as the fourth largest international tourist destination in the world with 109m inbound visitors in 2004.that brought in a foreign exchange of around US$25.7bn. The Global Competitive Report 2006-2007, brought out by the World Economic Forum, places China at 71st place in terms of Travel and Tourism Competitive. The report states that2, "Although China is ranked 3rd in terms of World Heritage sites, and 11th in terms of price competitiveness, it has a policy environment that is not at all conducive for T&T development (ranked a low 97th), with property rights that are not sufficiently protected, strong foreign ownership restrictions and stringent visa requirements." That effectively means that there's still a lot for China to encourage tourism in the country. Providing, tourism education to the

Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descartes - Essay Example His method throughout the project is to establish a radical skepticism in which he doubts everything, even his own ability to conceive of himself and the existence of the world (Newman). As he comes in Meditation III to a proof for God, he finds it necessary to argue God into existence in order to move beyond the certainty of knowledge he has established in some very simple facts, including the cogito and simple mathematics. In this brief essay, it will be shown that Descartes proves God’s existence as a means of defeating radical skepticism, and his argument for that proof will be considered for its validity and relevance to his overall project.  In order to achieve his objective of proving the knowledge is possible, Descartes dives into an ever-increasing skepticism in which he doubts even the existence of himself and his own ability to imagine the word and his place in it. As part of his method, he imagines a demonic deceiver who works to mislead him at every turn. The deceiver presents him with a challenge that almost cripples his project since the deceiver, when taken to the logical extreme, makes all but his own private thought possible to doubt. He has ideas about the world that seem certain, including his own existence and simple mathematics, but he must prove that such ideas have corresponding material realities in the world in order to prove knowledge possible. The use of demon deceiver suggests that the link between ideas and material reality may be dubious. At the end of the Second Meditation, Descartes establishes the cogito as a form of certainty that he begins to believe will suffice as the first thing that he can actually argue with certainty. He thinks, and in that ability to think, he believes he expresses something too important to be overlooked. By being able to conceive of the notion of thought, he must exist, since to think something (even if it is the act of thinking) is by definition to bring the

Main purpose of job design

Main purpose of job design The main purpose of job design is for quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, cost, health and safety. This is the way to achieve greatness in conducting their working style and working techniques. Globalization is claimed that it will help in increasing the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing the world. Globalization will help the company to gain more profit and a lot of advantages. Not only profit and advantages can be gain, globalization will also have its own disadvantages. Strategy formulations include the materials in making the product, where is the product being manufacture and who is producing the product. This is the strategy to improve the needs and quality for the customer. Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers is also one of the company strategies. Process of manufacturing the product will also help in maintaining the quality; follow the newest technologies and trend. This will help in saving the cost and fulfil the customer needs. Shoe manufacturing processes and the key factors in the design of products and services for shoes are covered in this assignment. Shoe manufacturing sequence and the system of the manufacturing process will be discussed in detailed. The key factor of designs of shoes product which includes the shoe insole and sole portion and various type of service provided in shoe manufacturing including the after sales services are presented in this assignment. Besides, discussion and elaborating of quality planning and quality control processes in achieving high performance products and services for company. There are some different quality planning for the production and the quality control for New Balance such as applying some ISO quality standard as a prove for the company. ISO 9000 is the series of quality standard which reflecting the importance of quality and reliability. Quality and costing is related to each other, have a good quality product only can make the company financially strong but it also cannot be archived without the help from high technology apparel. The time was a profit for the company; we need high technology machineries to increase the amount of products with greater and stable quality. Last section of this assignment, describe about the profit that the company earned throughout the years since it was taken over by the current chairman, Mr. James S Davis, based on the industrial analysis did by a company called DATAMONITOR and the Factsheet announced by the company itself at financial year 2010. Then we have a topic about the result to the company after the company ventured to new market in Asia, and some about the payback from the investment on technological machineries that the company had spent on. Introduction What is a job design? Job design is the principles and techniques to the humanization of work, improve satisfaction, improve quality and reduce employee problems. It is a process to achieve satisfaction and trust from consumer. What is globalization? Globalization is mean of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations. It is also a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. What is strategy formulation? Strategy formulation is a way of a company plan on its business strategy. Strategy formulation is vital to the well-being of a company or organization. This strategy has effects on the company which will bring benefits. What is the process to meet the customer needs and quality? It is mean by how the shoes are being produced. This process of making the shoes will help to follow the modern trend of making the product and save cost. Furthermore, we have mention clearly about example of quality control of New Balance such as the step of the quality check from raw material until final product. The definition of Total Quality Control (TQC) or Total Quality Management (TQM) was stated clearly here. The machines purchase from New Balance to increase their efficiency and control quality of their shoes. This helps New Balance develop better designs, improve quality, and innovate their process capabilities. To produce a good quality and precision part in a huge number and reduce worker was an aim of all manufacturing field company, but by using handmade work is hard to do so. The only way can do is through high tech machine, by this way not only can come out a quality less reject part, on the other hand together reduce worker and make company earn in good selling and save a lot in labour cost. This will make the company finance to be strong and the enemy of manufacturing field factory was the part that been produce reject and return from their customer, this will make the company lost a lot in the costing. Let us see what technology can help in manufacturing. New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. which is a privately held company that founded and based in Massachusetts in USA performance in finance. The company was first setup in 1906 as the manufacturer of arch supports and orthopedic shoes. Now the company is famous as the manufactures for running, hiking, tennis, basketball, cross training shoes, and variety of athletic apparel. The company is being well known as the only shoe manufacturer still based in USA that offering its products in a wide range of width size with high quality of craftsmanship, which generate billion of sales annually. According to the latest factsheet dated 2010, the company is making massive earnings after the business owner taking over and decided to be more focus. The owner also invested lot of money to upgrade the manufacturing plant with newer technology machinery. Until now, the latest record show that there was a total of $2.32 billion USD sales made in the financial year 2009, whereby $1.07 billion USD of annua l sales in USA, $1.65 billion of annual sales worldwide. Discuss the job design and method of work organisation employed by New Balance Corporation for both local and global market to remain competitive. Critically derive the advantages and disadvantages of going global. Job design purpose and objective is for quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, cost, health and safety. Job design is also mean by application of working principles and techniques humanization of work. This is the way of conducting their working style and working techniques. The aim of job design is to make sure and improved the job satisfaction of the company. Improved quality of product is an objective of design. New Balance Corporation is a company that stress on quality. New Balance is an athletic shoes company that mainly focus on performance rather than the outlook and style. The aim of job design is also to raise the productivity levels, challenge and responsibility of ones work. Example is the New Balance shoes come in a wide range of widths and sizes. The quality can be achieve because New Balance Company have their philosophy which is listen, learn and refine. Another method that New Balance Company uses is well-trained workers. The well train workers are train to perform different jobs and tasks. New Balance Company is creative by adapting to new technologies to shoemaking. The company also constantly give training to their employee in teamwork and technical skills so they can work by sharing and helping each other on the task to make sure everything done on time. Dependability is a job design method that New Balance Company stresses on. New Balance Corporation is a company that design and manufacture their product in the United States. Example of dependability is buyer or consumer will look into where the product is manufacture because consumer depend and trust product that are import from countries such as United States, Germany, Japan and others. Reduce employee problem is also one of the main purpose of job design. Job design is an aimed to reduce or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee bad behaviour arising. Dissatisfaction and employee bad behaviour arising will cause the employee to make mistake. Once the employee make mistake then accident will happen and that will cause health and safety. Running shoes of new balance company is made United States. This is the culture where it produces close to the customers and also allows quick turnarounds on new design and order fulfilment. This is the flexibility of the company to fulfil the desire of customer to purchase the product. One of the method that New Balance Corporation is they refuse to hire superstars to endorse its product and this will also help to cut a lot of cost. Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers is also one of the company methods. This will help the company to save money and also following the modern trend. Globalisation is claimed that globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. There are advantages of globalisation and also disadvantages on going global. Advantages of globalisation Staying in one country is not a good method to remain competitive, so the New Balance Corporation chooses to launch a strategy to distribute all over the globe. To gain more profit is a company aims. Profit can be gain by expand their products to all over the globe. Expand the products to worldwide will be a global marketing advantage. From the global business, New Balance Company can be advertised on the internet and customers can easily view and purchase wherever and whenever they want. Advertising in the internet is a good advantage for the global business. Increased sales are for sure under the advertising in the internet. Under the global marketing, higher profits can be earn and achieve. New knowledge and experience is also an advantage under the internet global marketing. Another advantages going global is jobs been created. Once the company invested in another country, the job opportunity created. Once there are jobs for people, the economy will run smoothly. Wealth can be ob tained under the global marketing and productivity can growth wider. Wealth can be obtained means that human is going to gain money and an easier lifestyle. When going global, business will not only depend on the existing market but it will also have wide scale market. This means that new markets and producing dynamic sales can be obtain easily. The brand can consistency maintains their brand image. When the consistency in brand image is achieved, the brand will became famous and popular. This will also bring to higher sales and profit. Besides that, good ideas will be gain under going global. Good ideas can be gain from any individual in the globe and that can lead to a better design. This will help to identify what consumer needs and wants for their product. Going global will also establish good relationship between countries. After establish good relationship between countries, free trade between countries also increases. Furthermore, the flexibility of corporations to operate ac ross borders increases. This will ensure the company to run their business smoothly and without difficulties. Disadvantages of globalisation Global marketing also have its disadvantages which is the difference of consumer response can be unpredictable. Some of the product might be selling fast and out of stock. Differences of consumer likes will cause the product to pile up and cannot be sold. Product that cannot be sold might go for a very cheap price and that might cause losses to the company. The disadvantage on internet marketing is when their product is promoted in the internet; they will have to compete with different type of brand and product development. Besides that, the disadvantages also include differences in consumer patterns such as needs and wants that is influence by their regional. Differences in legal concerns may also create conflict to the home market. Language barrier is a disadvantage on going global because different countries have their own languages and they might not understand English. There are also additional costs to set a website on the internet. Besides that, advertising and maintaining the website will also cost another sum of money. Another disadvantage on going global is the company will faces a lot of challenges and competitive environment. The company will face challenges from other brand that offer cheaper and quality product. Cultural problems are also a disadvantage for the globalization. This will endanger the age old cultures which have been followed religiously all over the world. There are many countries which would never agree when it comes to culture or religion. The influence of local cultures and tradition will slowly start to wear down when the migration become easy. Globalization will also increase the spread of diseases. Disease can be spread because of the increase in flow people. This will cause human to vulnerable to health issues. Conclusion is there are advantages and disadvantages of going global. Done by: Lai Kiat Xiang Observe the strategy formulation and processes to continuously improve to meet the customer needs, and quality at lower cost. Shoe is a type of footwear that protects and supports the foot. Running shoes or athletic shoes is different from the ordinary shoes. The rubber on athletic shoes helps to cushion the hard surfaces when running. The construction of athletic shoes is important in order to prevent injuries and giving a good balancing and support while running. Running shoes can be divided into two main sections which is upper covers the top of the foot and the sole. The two main sections can be divided into three which is insole, midsole and outsole. The process of the running shoe is starting at the front on the upper part is feather line. This is where the edge is form. The edge is form where the toe guard tip meets the bottom of the shoe. A single piece of material that gives shape to a shoe and forms the toe box is call a vamp. The vamp has an attachments some sort of a throat which it contains the eyestay and lacing section. Under the lacing section is the tongue. The tongue protects the foot from direct contact with the laces. Reinforcements are attached to the vamp along the sides of the shoe. There are two types of reinforcements. First, it is the saddle. The saddle is when it is sewn on the outside of the back of the reinforcements. The second type of the reinforcements is called an arch bandage where if it is sewn on the inside. Collar is a part where it is further towards the back of the shoe. Collar usually has an Achilles tendon protector at the top back of the shoe. The foxing shapes the rear end of the shoe and underneath there is a plastic cup which it is use to support the heel. The plastic cup which supports the heel is called the heel counter. Figure 1 Figure 1 above is showing how shoe is made. The first step as we can see from the diagram above is involving the die cutting. The shoe parts are cut in a cookie cutter fashion. The pieces that are cut will form the upper part of the shoe. The pieces will be stitched or cemented together and the upper part will be form. After the pieces were cemented, the upper will looks like a round hat rather than a shoe. This extra material is called the lasting margin. After that, lace holes will be punched out. After that, a last which is a plastic mould is use to fit the upper before the upper is cement with the insole board. The upper has to heat before fit on to a last. It is then both the upper and insole board is press together to get bond. Midsole and outsole is then cemented on to the upper. Before midsole and outsole is cemented to the upper, both of the outsole and midsole will have to be align and bond together. When the cement is cool, the shoe is removed from the last. The midsole is designed to absorb the shock and the wedge is designed to supports the heel. The insole which is arch support is located inside the shoe. Below is a sample of a completed running shoe. One of the strategies to improve to meet the customer needs and quality is by manufacturing some of its product in America. When the product is manufacture in America, trust of buyers will increase. The trust of buyers increase because America product is a trusted product compare to other countries. Example is whenever a product is being manufacture in China, consumer and buyers will think twice before purchasing the product. Besides that, New Balance has their own strategy formulation on their product which is their own technical innovations. The technical innovation is such as a blend of gels inserts, heel counters and a greater selection of sizes. Some people might have a larger foot and New Balance Company is producing a greater selection size of shoes. Quality control is one of the strategies by the New Balance Company. New Balance Company is producing a good quality of shoes because of the ingredients and materials in making their shoes. The ingredient is such as gel, air or plastic on making the midsoles. The inner side of the midsole is often made of firm material such as polyurethane (PU), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or combination of them. This material is use in order to prevent overpronation of the foot. Polyurethane is used in the heel area and a very thin layer of ethylene vinyl acetate is used in the insole. Besides that, New Balance Company also uses investing in other countries as their strategy to get their customer needs. Once the company invest in that country, the customer will get the product easily and the goods dont have to be import from America. This will also cut the cost on the product. Borrowing technology from apparel manufacturers is also one of the company strategies to cut cost and still following the modern trend. Done by: Lai Kiat Xiang 3. Critically observe the shoe manufacturing processes and examines the key factors in the designs of products and services. In their manufacturing process line, its not only about manpower but also with the robotic machines. It is why New Balance also brings in the new technology from apparel manufacturers and spends $100,000 for every see-and- sews machines which able to produce a pair of shoes in 24minute compare with 3 hours use if in China and get high productivity with efficiency speed. Shoe manufacturing sequence Design for shoe sole n upper and provide material detail Create shoe sole mould to make exclusive sole and insole. Make a sample or prototype for testing. Have implemented on the product. Final products come out. Start production for shoe sole and insole. Cutting, sewing, lasting and finishing Quality control and delivery order. How to satisfy customizations on shoe manufacturing with systematically? A. Satisfaction fitting impact Materials: The Main reason should concern for good quality shoe is the shoe material. The relationship between suppliers and manufacturers must be good and both must be able to solve problems together and suppliers must fast react on the specific material orders. B1. Outlook customization The customization of shoes may include the upper material colours and outlook designs. If a manufacturing systems have a high capability to satisfy aesthetic customization that allow buyer choose their shoes colours, it must be a great set of coloured materials or the material can be dye the upper portion. B2. Shoe accessories Shoe accessories such as bows, decoration or any particular lace may add into the shoes to add to the standard station. C1. The materials are needed to satisfy transpiration or thermal request with much kind of different materials. C2. Due to various types of materials, technical could needs for particular stitching technique different by the standard way for the leather. It may needs a flexible stitching station which able to adapt to different typology. C3. If the insole production system have the capability to satisfy shock absorption of the production customization of the sole, it may needs more complex and right technique to realize a various set of shock absorption. State of the art technology is used to identify the right shape of human feet to custom orthotic foot bed. A typical scan of human leg will be tested and this let the manufacturer able to make the most comfortable orthotic insole. After inspected, cleaned, dressed and polished, heel socks, laces and the brand label will be added, then the QC (quality checked) will be approved and the shoes will be packed and ready to sell. After sales services also available from some shoes company. Method for doing an orthopaedic shoe lift Split the sole in half, add the material build up to your specified height, taper off correctly at the front, and then reattach the bottom of your sole. This method ensures an aesthetically pleasing look as well as being very comfortable and unnoticeable. Add a shoe lift and build up to the full length of the sole. This is the correct way to do it and all of shoe lifts are done this way unless specified otherwise. Why need a build up of the sole, but not just use an insole Insoles are bad for foot when used for this purpose and can cause problems in back. The correct and safe way is to have a build up. How high of a shoe lift can build? There is corrected leg length discrepancies for patients as high as 6 inches and are not limited to that. Any shoe can add shoe lift? Any shoe with a full length concrete sole will take to a shoe lift nicely, and shoe manufacturer work with running shoes, dress shoes, work and hiking boots, and golf shoes too. Charge for shoe lifts? Cost starts at $39.99 for a half inch and an additional $14.99 for every quarter inch thereafter. There are additional charges for harder to split soles like the ones in boots and golf shoes. Done by: Wong Yng Chung 4. Discuss and elaborate the necessity of quality planning and quality control processes in achieving high performance products and services for the company. Quality control for New Balance can be: Dimensions of sole and insole Dimensions of various shoe size Colour, pattern and designs Material of the shoe Elasticity/durability of the shoe Life time of the shoe Quality check from professional Remain the shoes quality for different production line Reliability of shoes box packaging for delivery. Solid, long term partnership with trustable suppliers. Ensuring in-store safety and quality New technology to improve the effectiveness and quality of production. Total Quality Control (TQC) or Total Quality Management (TQM) refers to quality control beyond the sustaining of quality. These two concepts may lead to continual increases in quality. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, recipient of many awards, including the Deming Prize, Total Quality Control as a system of inventing and implementing quality technologies into various departments of a company engineering, production, sales and service all this is purposely for satisfying customers. He stated that viewed chronologically, TQC is only the first stage of Companywide Quality Control (CWQC). CWQC incorporates quality function deployment (QFD), where as TQC does not. QFD is a design procedure that introduces quality control in product development. It is a formal mechanism that guarantees the comment of the customer is heard throughout all the phases of manufacturing a product or providing a service. As Dale Besterfield stated in his book Quality Control, the deliverance of a quality product or service requires the responsible integration of all the firms departments such as marketing, product engineering, purchasing, manufacturing engineering, manufacturing, and inspection and testing, packaging and shipping, and customer service. TQC is far more than sustaining quality, as it may include control systems, employee relations and organizational behaviour, statistical process control, and Japanese management techniques. Quality control techniques and standards, affecting almost all aspects of business, have now been adopted at national and international levels. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award exemplifies the former. President Ronald Reagan signed the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act on 20th of August 1987. The act was the culmination of a national campaign to improve the quality of goods and services in the United States. The award represents the highest level of recognition that an American company can receive. On an international level, the ISO 9000 series of quality standards was first published in 1987. These standards reflect the importance of quality and reliability as critical factors for achieving and maintaining worldwide competitive advantage. Another example is the international environment management standard, ISO 14001. Companies worldwide use this standard as a blueprint to develop and refine internal environmental management systems. New Balance purchased 70units see-and- sew machines in 1 short and set up on machine shops to grind the 30 templates need for a typical shoe. Each set of templates took about 1 week, but they manage to make their workers to produce a pair of shoes in 24minute compare with 3 hours use if in China and get high productivity with efficient speed. High salary paid for their workers such as well-trained employees are able to make $14 an hour. All of these well-trained employees can be perform well and they are performing half a dozen different jobs and switching task every few minute. The efficiency of the manufacturing has been increase. Every person of them able to operate computerised sewing equipment and automated stitches that of 20 peoples work. New balance corporate also remain competitive at home by introduce new technologies to shoe making creatively. Constantly training is also provided for their employees either in teamwork or technical skills to improve their employees quality. Firstly, employees start with 22hours of classroom training on teamwork and get constant training on the factory floor. Then they will work in teams of five or six, sharing task and helping one another until make sure everything get done. In this teamwork function, many ideals about improvement of process will be come from shop floor workers. In their manufacturing process line, its not only about manpower but also with the robotic machines. They also bring in the new technology from apparel manufacturers and spend $100,000 for every see-and- sew machines. The most impressive part is they purchased 70units in 1 time and set up on machine shops to grind the 30 templates need for a typical shoe. Each set of templates took about 1 week, but they manage to make their workers to produce a pair of shoes in 24minute compare with 3 hours use if in China. Labour cost per shoe is $4 hour in Maine compare to $1.30 in China, it is a range of $2.70 for every shoe which is 4percent more from the selling price of $70. But good salary paid is worth-able when they get high productivity with efficient speed. Investment time on the manufacturing process helps New Balance develop better designs, improve quality, and innovate their process capabilities. By the way, if it outsourced all of its production then this would cause the company to suffer lost financially. Done by: Wong Yng Chung 5. Carefully observe how the reduced-quality product would affect the company financially. Discuss the financial analysis to justify the use of technology in the shoe manufacturing operation. For a company the quality of product is very important to convince customer to trust and buy their product, it totally affect companies financial once the product that produce rejected and returned. The cost of transport will be charge to company for the return part. Besides that, normally reject part will cause line down if the part very urgent to support to the end customer, means that the cost will to be charge to our company account due to our reject part. When the reject part was returned, company have to arrange manpower to rework for the part and extra costing will be count for the rework base on how many hours needed to complete the reject batch. If unfortunately the reject bath cannot rework it have to be scrap, means that extra issue cost will be needed for the raw material besides that production have to be rearrange to rebuild for the reject quantity. Once reject part was found internally, the machine have to be stop and realignment or resetting to make sure come out part will be in good quality. On the other hand, some time it will take one or half day to refitting or resetting regarding to the reject defect, This will cause no output for the day and fail the shipment for that day. Delay shipment also will cause penalty by quantity not enough for the customer. To come out a quality product for new balance, a modular manufacturing (teamwork) system were introduced. With this system it come out a better quality control and more efficient production, this system was improved with associates trained on more than one job in the factory, which meant a more varied days work and tighter quality control for the product. For the year 1991, production only can run around 2000 3000 pairs of shoes in a week and steadily increased to 4771 pairs of shoes per week by 1993 and continued increased to 7403 pairs of shoes by year 1996 and to 9787 pairs of shoes by 1998. The factory and finally broke the one million pair of shoes per year barrier in 2003. [11] To produce big amount quantity and quality of shoes in a day, we need help from the technology and impossible to produce big amount and precision part by human. For example by using the inversion type rubber shoe-mould finalizing machine, it was a professional shoe making equipment which integrates the vulcanization, stitching and finalizing all process can be done by it and was fully function of automatic program control can save a lot of labour cost. Besides that it was a control by hydraulic pressure system it can keep constant the temperature, deflate, draw pattern and also control time automatically. The adoption of the mechanical connecting bar structure was to ensure no split of mould and degumming phenomenon during the vulcanizing process. Because of the machine is inversion type, the shoes surface can be kept clean, high quality jackboot and other military shoes also can be produce by it. This is the advantage of the technology and help company to save lots of labour cost an d produce quality product and some of the process is impossible can be reach by human being.[12] Besides that in the shoes mould technology with a precision mould it can produce two pair of shoes in a short cycle time compare with a handmade, presently of new moulding technology which can reduce of the cycle time and increase in a number of cavities from two to four, this had been shown that the production efficiency has been improved with the help of the new improved shoes mould design for longer mould life and better quality parts, besides that by improved the cooling system of the mould gate and separate core inserts it used to improve ventilation, reduced thickness of the part without any compromise on quality. By this new technology it allow the significant cost saving intelligence, process innovation, increase productivity, the preventive maintenance qualit

The Impact of Different Family Structures on Children’s Well- Being and

A well-functioning family structure has an essential value for society because its benefits cover all members of society: children, women, and men. Even though the majority of people recognize the importance of family, not many people fully understand how highly family impacts individual development, especially in young children. Researchers have indicated many types of family structures, yet the focus of this paper will emphasize on the â€Å"traditional family,† the â€Å"single-parent family,† and the â€Å"homosexual family† (Berman, 2012). Conservative Presidential candidate Rick Santorum argues that traditional families can provide a stable home for children’s well-being and development. Santorum’s article opens with an â€Å"open and shut case† argument about the benefit of children in two-parent families (2007). Others assert that certain family structures can potentially provide children a stable home, but not all of them can nurture their basic needs. In spite of the belief that families with a mother and a father present are beneficial for individuals and for society, Evan Wolfson’s â€Å"What is Marriage?† explores the context into same-sex families. In contrast to Santorum, David S. Buckel advocates marriage for homosexual families (2007). In Unequal childhoods: class, race, and family life, Annette Lareau (2011) focuses more about the impact of class, race, and socioeconomic factors in the aspect of child-rearing practices, but not so much about the influence of family structure on the children’s development. Nevertheless, within the context of different family structures, readers can clearly see the invisible benefits of well-functioning families on the growth and development of children. Children from functional two-parent families are les... ...versity Indianapolis, 2005), pp. 51, 52, 65. Web 12, April. 2012. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/1675 â€Å"What is Behind HRSA's Projected Supply, Demand, and Shortage of Registered Nurses?† Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA, 2004). Web 22, April. 2012. http://dwd.wisconsin.gov/healthcare/pdf/behind_the_shortage.pdf Williams, Christine. â€Å"The Glass Escalator: Hidden Advantages for Men in the ‘Female’ Professions.† Social Problems (1992), pp. 227-240 â€Å"Women's Bureau (WB) – 20 Leading Occupations of Employed Women.† U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2006). Web 22, April. 2012. http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/20lead2006.htm â€Å"Women’s Bureau – Quick Facts on Registered Nurses (RNs).† U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2007). Web 22, April. 2012. http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/Qf-nursing-08.htm

Air Transportation history

Since the invention of air planes few decades ago, air travelling has become famous among travellers. When the air transportation was first introduced in 1903 by the Wright Brothers, many people could not travel using it because it was expensive. But after few decades, technology has improved and air transportation is being widely used all around the world. Most of the countries has built airports and has their own airline companies. Today, due to rivalry among airline companies air travelling has become much cheaper.As a result, cheap air travelling has advantages and disadvantages for us, our country and to the world. Firstly, the main benefit of cheap air travel is that it is cheap. So it allows all the people to travel around the world. Those days only the rich people could use air travelling, but now even the ordinary people also can use it to travel, pursue their studies, do business, and go for a vacation. It is not surprising that most people wish to travel to distant land, a country far away but travelling cost lots of money.So the people need to reconsider their travel plans since flight rates are way too high back then. Today, due to competition among airline companies, they are offering cheap flight rates that consumers like us could afford. It also helps maintain long distance relationship. Before the IT technology is developed, air transportation is the only option people who live on the other end the world keep in touch with their loved ones. Although cheap air travel allows everybody to travel, air planes causes air pollution and sound pollution.Since air planes burns hydrocarbon fuel, it releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The greenhouse gases causes global warming and the effects of global warming is polar ice caps melting, increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves, warmer waters and more hurricanes, spread of diseases and economic consequences. Air planes also causes sound pollution which effects hearing impairment, hypertension, heart diseases and annoyance sleep disturbance.Furthermore, the chances of surviving when a plane crash is lower than any other transportation. In addition, most of the airports are build outside of the city,so once the people get off the plane, they still need to travel to reach the city. Finally, cheap air travel also saves time. Long ago people travel using horses, camels, elephants, boats and ships but it takes days to reach a place. Now, air travel helps us to reach a far place or country just in hours. Besides that, air transportation enerates almost 32 million jobs annually and contributes almost 7. 5 percents of the world’s GDP which is a huge profit. Moreover, air transportation is the fastest worldwide transport system which is one the key factor of economic growth. In conclusion, cheap air travel saves time and money for the people and increases the economic growth in our country although it causes air pollution. So, the g overnment should some solution to neutralise the greenhouse gases released by planes which causes global housewarming.

Jack Horner - Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Jack Horner - Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name: Jack Horner Born: 1946 Nationality: American Dinosaurs Named: Maiasaura, Orodromeus About Jack Horner Along with Robert Bakker, Jack Horner is one of the most prominent paleontologists in the United States (the two men served as advisers for the Jurassic Park movies, and Sam Neills character in the original was inspired by Horner). Horners main claim to fame was his discovery, in the 1970’s, of the extensive nesting grounds of a North American hadrosaur, which he named Maiasaura (good mother lizard). These fossilized eggs and burrows gave paleontologists an unusually detailed glimpse of the family life of duck-billed dinosaurs. The author of numerous popular books, Horner has remained at the forefront of paleontological research. In 2005, he discovered a chunk of T. Rex with soft tissue still attached, which was recently analyzed to determine its protein content. And in 2006, he led a team that discovered dozens of nearly intact Psittacosaurus skeletons in the Gobi Desert, shedding some valuable light on the lifestyles of these small, beaked herbivores. Lately, Horner and colleagues have been examining the growth stages of various dinosaurs; one of their more stunning finds is that Triceratops and Torosaurus may well have been the same dinosaur. By the turn of the 21st century, Horner had obtained a reputation as being a bit of an eccentric, always eager (and perhaps a tad over-eager) to overthrow accepted dinosaur theories and hog the limelight. Hes not afraid to challenge his critics head-on, however, and lately has caused even more of a stir with his plan to clone a dinosaur by manipulating the DNA of a living chicken (not a far cry, technically speaking, from the controversial program known as de-extinction).

Americas Break from Britain essays

America's Break from Britain essays The American Colonists suffered so many grievances because of the British and their tyrannical nature. In my opinion, the Americans had no choice but to break from Britain. The American colonists were justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain by several economic, social, and political issues. Economically, Britain was without a doubt oppressing the colonists. It can be argued that The Seven Years War was primarily responsible for beginning the friction among the British and their American counterparts, but even before the Seven Years war had ended, Britain had made their presence as a tyrant by passing the Writs of Assistance, in an attempt to stop American merchants from trading with enemies of the British in the French West Indies. The Writs of Assistance negated the constitutional rights of the colonists and marked the beginning of a lengthy period of time in which the British would force their authorities upon the colonists by a number of unfair means. Two of the most prominent among these are the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. John Dickinson, a Pennsylvania political who served in the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, wrote once in Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania, The Parliament unquestionably possesses a legal authority to regulate the trade of Great Britain and al l her colonies. I have looked over every statute...and I find every one of them founded on this principle, till the Stamp Act Administration...Never did the British Parliament [until the passage of the Stamp Act] think of imposing duties in America for the purpose of raising a revenue. [The Townshend Acts claim the authority] to impose duties on these colonies, not for the regulation of trade...but for the single purpose of levying money upon us. By straining the still developing economy of America for their own economic growth, Britain left America little choice but to break from that oppressive leadership. No matter how great th...

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